Search
今早许久不曾响起的家用电话响起
近年如果它响起
只有两个可能
1: 公寓守卫打我手机不通后的选择
2: 机器人诈骗电话
今早电话另一端又是机器人
这个机器人曾经告诉我
我有法庭案件没有处理要我按9
我有邮政包裹没有签收要我按9
这一次通知我的TM服务即将中断
要我按9以厘清情况
咦 这有点新鲜
还没听过这种诈骗
不懂是不是真的
但星期天啊
天气那么阴凉
好想吃个好吃的牛肉面
浪费半个小时去纠缠
很费劲
结果依依不舍地挂了电话
然后上网找了一下
马上看到TM的官网通告
机器人很爱骗人的
别信！
https://www.tm.com.my/OnlineHelp/Announcement/Pages/NOTICE---BEWARE-OF-SCAMMERS.aspx
**COVID-19 update**
**疫情情況更新**
In light of the current Covid-19 situation in Taiwan, Parkbus Taiwan has suspended all events from today, May 12th, until further notice.
It's with a heavy heart, as we know getting outdoors is a big part of our physical and mental health, but we must be diligent and do the right thing by following Covid Prevention Measures.
If you are a guest that has registered and paid for an upcoming event we will be sending you a personal message, but in general, please note that we are happy to present two options for you:
1) Credit: Towards a future trip of your choice and date. There will be no expiry on this credit.
Or 2) Refund: We will offer a full refund (less transaction fee) and transfer your payment back to you as quick as we can.
We will make this announcement to each and every passenger that has registered or booked a trip with us.
We appreciate your patience and of course, your ongoing support for Parkbus Taiwan.
Please do your own part by wearing a mask, social distancing where possible and washing hands as frequently as necessary.
-
有鑑於近期疫情加重及政府相關政策，Parkbus Taiwan團隊決定暫停5月12日起所有活動，直到更進一步的通知。我們知道戶外活動是身心健康不可或缺的重要因素，但為了大家的健康及安全，我們必須採取預防措施以防疫情持續加劇。
如果您是已經註冊並付費的客人，您可以選擇兩種方式處理您已經付的款項：
1）保留您的付款在Parkbus Taiwan，將來您可以選擇的旅行和日期，並進行多退少補。
2）退款：我們將提供全額退款（扣除交易費用），並儘快將您的付款轉回給您。
請留意您的信箱，我們會發送電子郵件給您。也感謝您對Parkbus Taiwan的支持與配合。
請戴上口罩、勤洗手、保持社交距離、注意安全。
Yours sincerely,
Michael, Michael and Ryan (your Parkbus Taiwan Team)
📜 [專欄新文章] Uniswap v3 Features Explained in Depth
✍️ 田少谷 Shao
📥 歡迎投稿： https://medium.com/taipei-ethereum-meetup #徵技術分享文 #使用心得 #教學文 #medium
Once again the game-changing DEX 🦄 👑
Image source: https://uniswap.org/blog/uniswap-v3/
Outline
0. Intro1. Uniswap & AMM recap2. Ticks 3. Concentrated liquidity4. Range orders: reversible limit orders5. Impacts of v36. Conclusion
0. Intro
The announcement of Uniswap v3 is no doubt one of the most exciting news in the DeFi place recently 🔥🔥🔥
While most have talked about the impact v3 can potentially bring on the market, seldom explain the delicate implementation techniques to realize all those amazing features, such as concentrated liquidity, limit-order-like range orders, etc.
Since I’ve covered Uniswap v1 & v2 (if you happen to know Mandarin, here are v1 & v2), there’s no reason for me to not cover v3 as well ✅
Thus, this article aims to guide readers through Uniswap v3, based on their official whitepaper and examples made on the announcement page. However, one needs not to be an engineer, as not many codes are involved, nor a math major, as the math involved is definitely taught in your high school, to fully understand the following content 😊😊😊
If you really make it through but still don’t get shxt, feedbacks are welcomed! 🙏
There should be another article focusing on the codebase, so stay tuned and let’s get started with some background noise!
1. Uniswap & AMM recap
Before diving in, we have to first recap the uniqueness of Uniswap and compare it to traditional order book exchanges.
Uniswap v1 & v2 are a kind of AMMs (automated market marker) that follow the constant product equation x * y = k, with x & y stand for the amount of two tokens X and Y in a pool and k as a constant.
Comparing to order book exchanges, AMMs, such as the previous versions of Uniswap, offer quite a distinct user experience:
AMMs have pricing functions that offer the price for the two tokens, which make their users always price takers, while users of order book exchanges can be both makers or takers.
Uniswap as well as most AMMs have infinite liquidity¹, while order book exchanges don’t. The liquidity of Uniswap v1 & v2 is provided throughout the price range [0,∞]².
Uniswap as well as most AMMs have price slippage³ and it’s due to the pricing function, while there isn’t always price slippage on order book exchanges as long as an order is fulfilled within one tick.
In an order book, each price (whether in green or red) is a tick. Image source: https://ftx.com/trade/BTC-PERP
¹ though the price gets worse over time; AMM of constant sum such as mStable does not have infinite liquidity
² the range is in fact [-∞,∞], while a price in most cases won’t be negative
³ AMM of constant sum does not have price slippage
2. Tick
The whole innovation of Uniswap v3 starts from ticks.
For those unfamiliar with what is a tick:
Source: https://www.investopedia.com/terms/t/tick.asp
By slicing the price range [0,∞] into numerous granular ticks, trading on v3 is highly similar to trading on order book exchanges, with only three differences:
The price range of each tick is predefined by the system instead of being proposed by users.
Trades that happen within a tick still follows the pricing function of the AMM, while the equation has to be updated once the price crosses the tick.
Orders can be executed with any price within the price range, instead of being fulfilled at the same one price on order book exchanges.
With the tick design, Uniswap v3 possesses most of the merits of both AMM and an order book exchange! 💯💯💯
So, how is the price range of a tick decided?
This question is actually somewhat related to the tick explanation above: the minimum tick size for stocks trading above 1$ is one cent.
The underlying meaning of a tick size traditionally being one cent is that one cent (1% of 1$) is the basis point of price changes between ticks, ex: 1.02 — 1.01 = 0.1.
Uniswap v3 employs a similar idea: compared to the previous/next price, the price change should always be 0.01% = 1 basis point.
However, notice the difference is that in the traditional basis point, the price change is defined with subtraction, while here in Uniswap it’s division.
This is how price ranges of ticks are decided⁴:
Image source: https://uniswap.org/whitepaper-v3.pdf
With the above equation, the tick/price range can be recorded in the index form [i, i+1], instead of some crazy numbers such as 1.0001¹⁰⁰ = 1.0100496621.
As each price is the multiplication of 1.0001 of the previous price, the price change is always 1.0001 — 1 = 0.0001 = 0.01%.
For example, when i=1, p(1) = 1.0001; when i=2, p(2) = 1.00020001.
p(2) / p(1) = 1.00020001 / 1.0001 = 1.0001
See the connection between the traditional basis point 1 cent (=1% of 1$) and Uniswap v3’s basis point 0.01%?
Image source: https://tenor.com/view/coin-master-cool-gif-19748052
But sir, are prices really granular enough? There are many shitcoins with prices less than 0.000001$. Will such prices be covered as well?
Price range: max & min
To know if an extremely small price is covered or not, we have to figure out the max & min price range of v3 by looking into the spec: there is a int24 tick state variable in UniswapV3Pool.sol.
Image source: https://uniswap.org/whitepaper-v3.pdf
The reason for a signed integer int instead of an uint is that negative power represents prices less than 1 but greater than 0.
24 bits can cover the range between 1.0001 ^ (2²³ — 1) and 1.0001 ^ -(2)²³. Even Google cannot calculate such numbers, so allow me to offer smaller values to have a rough idea of the whole price range:
1.0001 ^ (2¹⁸) = 242,214,459,604.341
1.0001 ^ -(2¹⁷) = 0.000002031888943
I think it’s safe to say that with a int24 the range can cover > 99.99% of the prices of all assets in the universe 👌
⁴ For implementation concern, however, a square root is added to both sides of the equation.
How about finding out which tick does a price belong to?
Tick index from price
The answer to this question is rather easy, as we know that p(i) = 1.0001^i, simply takes a log with base 1.0001 on both sides of the equation⁴:
Image source: https://www.codecogs.com/latex/eqneditor.php
Let’s try this out, say we wanna find out the tick index of 1000000.
Image source: https://ncalculators.com/number-conversion/log-logarithm-calculator.htm
Now, 1.0001¹³⁸¹⁶² = 999,998.678087146. Voila!
⁵ This formula is also slightly modified to fit the real implementation usage.
3. Concentrated liquidity
Now that we know how ticks and price ranges are decided, let’s talk about how orders are executed in a tick, what is concentrated liquidity and how it enables v3 to compete with stablecoin-specialized DEXs (decentralized exchange), such as Curve, by improving the capital efficiency.
Concentrated liquidity means LPs (liquidity providers) can provide liquidity to any price range/tick at their wish, which causes the liquidity to be imbalanced in ticks.
As each tick has a different liquidity depth, the corresponding pricing function x * y = k also won’t be the same!
Each tick has its own liquidity depth. Image source: https://uniswap.org/blog/uniswap-v3/
Mmm… examples are always helpful for abstract descriptions 😂
Say the original pricing function is 100(x) * 1000(y) = 100000(k), with the price of X token 1000 / 100 = 10 and we’re now in the price range [9.08, 11.08].
If the liquidity of the price range [11.08, 13.08] is the same as [9.08, 11.08], we don’t have to modify the pricing function if the price goes from 10 to 11.08, which is the boundary between two ticks.
The price of X is 1052.63 / 95 = 11.08 when the equation is 1052.63 * 95 = 100000.
However, if the liquidity of the price range [11.08, 13.08] is two times that of the current range [9.08, 11.08], balances of x and y should be doubled, which makes the equation become 2105.26 * 220 = 400000, which is (1052.63 * 2) * (110 * 2) = (100000 * 2 * 2).
We can observe the following two points from the above example:
Trades always follow the pricing function x * y = k, while once the price crosses the current price range/tick, the liquidity/equation has to be updated.
√(x * y) = √k = L is how we represent the liquidity, as I say the liquidity of x * y = 400000 is two times the liquidity of x * y = 100000, as √(400000 / 100000) = 2.
What’s more, compared to liquidity on v1 & v2 is always spread across [0,∞], liquidity on v3 can be concentrated within certain price ranges and thus results in higher capital efficiency from traders’ swapping fees!
Let’s say if I provide liquidity in the range [1200, 2800], the capital efficiency will then be 4.24x higher than v2 with the range [0,∞] 😮😮😮 There’s a capital efficiency comparison calculator, make sure to try it out!
Image source: https://uniswap.org/blog/uniswap-v3/
It’s worth noticing that the concept of concentrated liquidity was proposed and already implemented by Kyper, prior to Uniswap, which is called Automated Price Reserve in their case.⁵
⁶ Thanks to Yenwen Feng for the information.
4. Range orders: reversible limit orders
As explained in the above section, LPs of v3 can provide liquidity to any price range/tick at their wish. Depending on the current price and the targeted price range, there are three scenarios:
current price < the targeted price range
current price > the targeted price range
current price belongs to the targeted price range
The first two scenarios are called range orders. They have unique characteristics and are essentially fee-earning reversible limit orders, which will be explained later.
The last case is the exact same liquidity providing mechanism as the previous versions: LPs provide liquidity in both tokens of the same value (= amount * price).
There’s also an identical product to the case: grid trading, a very powerful investment tool for a time of consolidation. Dunno what’s grid trading? Check out Binance’s explanation on this, as this topic won’t be covered!
In fact, LPs of Uniswap v1 & v2 are grid trading with a range of [0,∞] and the entry price as the baseline.
Range orders
To understand range orders, we’d have to first revisit how price is discovered on Uniswap with the equation x * y = k, for x & y stand for the amount of two tokens X and Y and k as a constant.
The price of X compared to Y is y / x, which means how many Y one can get for 1 unit of X, and vice versa the price of Y compared to X is x / y.
For the price of X to go up, y has to increase and x decrease.
With this pricing mechanism in mind, it’s example time!
Say an LP plans to place liquidity in the price range [15.625, 17.313], higher than the current price of X 10, when 100(x) * 1000(y) = 100000(k).
The price of X is 1250 / 80 = 15.625 when the equation is 80 * 1250 = 100000.
The price of X is 1315.789 / 76 = 17.313 when the equation is 76 * 1315.789 = 100000.
If now the price of X reaches 15.625, the only way for the price of X to go even higher is to further increase y and decrease x, which means exchanging a certain amount of X for Y.
Thus, to provide liquidity in the range [15.625, 17.313], an LP needs only to prepare 80 — 76 = 4 of X. If the price exceeds 17.313, all 4 X of the LP is swapped into 1315.789 — 1250 = 65.798 Y, and then the LP has nothing more to do with the pool, as his/her liquidity is drained.
What if the price stays in the range? It’s exactly what LPs would love to see, as they can earn swapping fees for all transactions in the range! Also, the balance of X will swing between [76, 80] and the balance of Y between [1250, 1315.789].
This might not be obvious, but the example above shows an interesting insight: if the liquidity of one token is provided, only when the token becomes more valuable will it be exchanged for the less valuable one.
…wut? 🤔
Remember that if 4 X is provided within [15.625, 17.313], only when the price of X goes up from 15.625 to 17.313 is 4 X gradually swapped into Y, the less valuable one!
What if the price of X drops back immediately after reaching 17.313? As X becomes less valuable, others are going to exchange Y for X.
The below image illustrates the scenario of DAI/USDC pair with a price range of [1.001, 1.002] well: the pool is always composed entirely of one token on both sides of the tick, while in the middle 1.001499⁶ is of both tokens.
Image source: https://uniswap.org/blog/uniswap-v3/
Similarly, to provide liquidity in a price range < current price, an LP has to prepare a certain amount of Y for others to exchange Y for X within the range.
To wrap up such an interesting feature, we know that:
Only one token is required for range orders.
Only when the current price is within the range of the range order can LP earn trading fees. This is the main reason why most people believe LPs of v3 have to monitor the price more actively to maximize their income, which also means that LPs of v3 have become arbitrageurs 🤯
I will be discussing more the impacts of v3 in 5. Impacts of v3.
⁷ 1.001499988 = √(1.0001 * 1.0002) is the geometric mean of 1.0001 and 1.0002. The implication is that the geometric mean of two prices is the average execution price within the range of the two prices.
Reversible limit orders
As the example in the last section demonstrates, if there is 4 X in range [15.625, 17.313], the 4 X will be completely converted into 65.798 Y when the price goes over 17.313.
We all know that a price can stay in a wide range such as [10, 11] for quite some time, while it’s unlikely so in a narrow range such as [15.625, 15.626].
Thus, if an LP provides liquidity in [15.625, 15.626], we can expect that once the price of X goes over 15.625 and immediately also 15.626, and does not drop back, all X are then forever converted into Y.
The concept of having a targeted price and the order will be executed after the price is crossed is exactly the concept of limit orders! The only difference is that if the range of a range order is not narrow enough, it’s highly possible that the conversion of tokens will be reverted once the price falls back to the range.
As price ranges follow the equation p(i) = 1.0001 ^ i, the range can be quite narrow and a range order can thus effectively serve as a limit order:
When i = 27490, 1.0001²⁷⁴⁹⁰ = 15.6248.⁸
When i = 27491, 1.0001²⁷⁴⁹¹ = 15.6264.⁸
A range of 0.0016 is not THAT narrow but can certainly satisfy most limit order use cases!
⁸ As mentioned previously in note #4, there is a square root in the equation of the price and index, thus the numbers here are for explantion only.
5. Impacts of v3
Higher capital efficiency, LPs become arbitrageurs… as v3 has made tons of radical changes, I’d like to summarize my personal takes of the impacts of v3:
Higher capital efficiency makes one of the most frequently considered indices in DeFi: TVL, total value locked, becomes less meaningful, as 1$ on Uniswap v3 might have the same effect as 100$ or even 2000$ on v2.
The ease of spot exchanging between spot exchanges used to be a huge advantage of spot markets over derivative markets. As LPs will take up the role of arbitrageurs and arbitraging is more likely to happen on v3 itself other than between DEXs, this gap is narrowed … to what extent? No idea though.
LP strategies and the aggregation of NFT of Uniswap v3 liquidity token are becoming the blue ocean for new DeFi startups: see Visor and Lixir. In fact, this might be the turning point for both DeFi and NFT: the two main reasons of blockchain going mainstream now come to the alignment of interest: solving the $$ problem 😏😏😏
In the right venue, which means a place where transaction fees are low enough, such as Optimism, we might see Algo trading firms coming in to share the market of designing LP strategies on Uniswap v3, as I believe Algo trading is way stronger than on-chain strategies or DAO voting to add liquidity that sort of thing.
After reading this article by Parsec.finance: The Dex to Rule Them All, I cannot help but wonder: maybe there is going to be centralized crypto exchanges adopting v3’s approach. The reason is that since orders of LPs in the same tick are executed pro-rata, the endless front-running speeding-competition issue in the Algo trading world, to some degree, is… solved? 🤔
Anyway, personal opinions can be biased and seriously wrong 🙈 I’m merely throwing out a sprat to catch a whale. Having a different voice? Leave your comment down below!
6. Conclusion
That was kinda tough, isn’t it? Glad you make it through here 🥂🥂🥂
There are actually many more details and also a huge section of Oracle yet to be covered. However, since this article is more about features and targeting normal DeFi users, I’ll leave those to the next one; hope there is one 😅
If you have any doubt or find any mistake, please feel free to reach out to me and I’d try to reply AFAP!
Stay tuned and in the meantime let’s wait and see how Uniswap v3 is again pioneering the innovation of DeFi 🌟
Uniswap v3 Features Explained in Depth was originally published in Taipei Ethereum Meetup on Medium, where people are continuing the conversation by highlighting and responding to this story.
👏 歡迎轉載分享鼓掌
"WILDish Presents GAME LIVE JAPAN With Famitsu/Dengeki Game Awards" is a game information program produced by Famitsu, one of Japan's leading game media, and KADOKAWA Game Linkage, the publisher of "Game no Dengeki". Many game manufacturers participate in the program and announce new scoops and new information about their hottest titles. With comedy duo Magical Lovely, who are known for their love of games, and voice actress Ruriko Aoki as the main MCs, the show will deliver a lot of information that game fans should not miss.
The "GAME LIVE JAPAN 2020" held in September last year recorded over 18 million views worldwide. This year's event will again be broadcast simultaneously in English and Chinese, with MCs from various countries, so that both domestic and overseas game fans can enjoy the program together.
The program will also feature the announcement and award ceremony for the "Famitsu/Dengeki Game Awards 2020", one of the largest user-voted game awards in Japan. We'll be looking forward to seeing which games will be chosen as the best games of 2020. Game announcer Masao Koori, who has MC'd many game events and competitions, will be the MC for the event.
◆◇ Broadcasting date and time: ◇◆
・WILDish Presents GAME LIVE JAPAN With Famitsu/Dengeki Game Awards DAY2
Saturday, March 6th:10 pm to Sunday, March 7th:5:45 am (PST)
■22:00-22:45 DAY2 Opening
■22:30-23:30 MONSTER HUNTER RISE DEMO
■23:45-00:45 Famitsu Dengeki Latest Scoop !
■01:00-02:00 Hortensia SAGA R
■02:15-03:40 Famitsu Dengeki GAME AWARDS 2020
GAME LIVE JAPAN Special Program
■03:45-05:45 Interviewing Hironobu Sakaguchi &
Exclusive unveiling of "FANTASIAN"【Recorded】
All broadcasting schedule is in JST, Japanese Standard Time.
Streaming date and time, contents, or hosts are subject to change due to unavoidable circumstances without prior notice.
◆◇ WILDish Presents GAME LIVE JAPAN With Famitsu/Dengeki Game Awards Special site ◇◆
https://www.famitsu.com/sp/glj/
◆◇ bilibili (Chinese) ◇◆
https://space.bilibili.com/631884530/
◆◇ Famitsu.com Twitter ◇◆
https://twitter.com/famitsu
Organized by：KADOKAWA Game Linkage Inc.
Special Supported by：WILDish（Maruha Nichiro Corporation）
Collaborating media:：bilibili
#GAMELIVEJAPAN
#ゲームライブジャパン
#ファミ通電撃アワード
"WILDish Presents GAME LIVE JAPAN With Famitsu/Dengeki Game Awards" is a game information program produced by Famitsu, one of Japan's leading game media, and KADOKAWA Game Linkage, the publisher of "Game no Dengeki". Many game manufacturers participate in the program and announce new scoops and new information about their hottest titles. With comedy duo Magical Lovely, who are known for their love of games, and voice actress Ruriko Aoki as the main MCs, the show will deliver a lot of information that game fans should not miss.
The "GAME LIVE JAPAN 2020" held in September last year recorded over 18 million views worldwide. This year's event will again be broadcast simultaneously in English and Chinese, with MCs from various countries, so that both domestic and overseas game fans can enjoy the program together.
The program will also feature the announcement and award ceremony for the "Famitsu/Dengeki Game Awards 2020", one of the largest user-voted game awards in Japan. We'll be looking forward to seeing which games will be chosen as the best games of 2020. Game announcer Masao Koori, who has MC'd many game events and competitions, will be the MC for the event.
◆◇ Broadcasting date and time: ◇◆
・WILDish Presents GAME LIVE JAPAN With Famitsu/Dengeki Game Awards DAY1
Friday, March 5th:10 pm to Saturday, March 6th:7 am (PST)
■22:00-22:15 DAY1 Opening
■22:30-23:30 Hilarious game "SUPER NODA'S GAME PARTY" exclusive unveiling!!
■23:45-00:45 Noda Crystal tries "Street Fighter V" with 5 ways of rule.
Fav gaming sako will also join!
■01:00-02:00 『カードキャプターさくら リペイントレコード』
『ENDER LILIES （エンダーリリーズ）』
Phoenixx『新作タイトル』
■02:15-03:15 New release information from INTI CREATES
■03:30-04:30 Famitsu VS Dengeki best out of three games
『MOBILE SUIT GUNDAM EXTREME VS. 2 X BOOST』
『WANGAN MIDNIGHT MAXIMUM TUNE』
『JOJO'S Bizarre Adventure LAST SURVIVOR』
■04:40-04:55 DAY1 Ending
GAME LIVE JAPAN Special Program
■05:00-07:00 Creators meeting in Spring 2021【Recorded】
All broadcasting schedule is in JST, Japanese Standard Time.
Streaming date and time, contents, or hosts are subject to change due to unavoidable circumstances without prior notice.
◆◇ WILDish Presents GAME LIVE JAPAN With Famitsu/Dengeki Game Awards Special site ◇◆
https://www.famitsu.com/sp/glj/
◆◇ bilibili (Chinese) ◇◆
https://space.bilibili.com/631884530/
◆◇ Famitsu.com Twitter ◇◆
https://twitter.com/famitsu
Organized by：KADOKAWA Game Linkage Inc.
Special Supported by：WILDish（Maruha Nichiro Corporation）
Collaborating media:：bilibili
#GAMELIVEJAPAN
#ゲームライブジャパン
#ファミ通電撃アワード
About Kumi Koda
In 2000, precedential to debut in Japan, she made her debut in the U.S. with her first single “TAKE BACK” under the name of “KODA”
It ranked in at Billboard Dance-Pop Sales Chart as high as 18th place ranked up from its initial 20th place.
In the same year, she debuted in Japan as well and started her career as a professional singer.
Her 16th single “Butterfly” pushed her name up in the industry by winning the Japan Record Award, which is one of the best honored music awards in Japan.
Following the preceding event, Kumi Koda won many more awards and established her place as a top singer in Japan.
Not only in domestically,
But also she has worked with many great international artists such as Sean Paul and Far East Movement since they fell for Kumi Koda’s artistic talents.
From 2005 to today 2020, she has continuously kept performing live for her fans.
Her singing ballads that make people speechless
Her energetic dance moves
And her cute pop tunes
For Kumi Koda, live performance is the essential parts of her life as an artist.
However,
Due to COVID-19 in this year, almost all gatherings are banned
And to prevent to spread COVID-19, avoiding the 3Cs became the new norm.
Not only the entertainment industry but also our life have been changed
Various measures taken for preventing the infection
It has been decided to hold her arena tour, KODA KUMI 20th ANNIVERSARY TOUR 2020 MY NAME IS…
Under this severe circumstance, Kumi Koda was the only one who made the decision with this size of live performance tour when they announced the new.
Hands sterilization
Placing the attention notice on preventing COVID-19 and in-house announcement by the staff
Everyday body temperature check and action history declaration.
Physical health check booths at the venue
Placing plastic sheets at counters to prevent droplet infection
Download of the COVID-19 monitoring app “COCOA”
Keeping enough space between people in ques
Limiting the seats layout to keep the distance between the audience
Following the limitation, 50% of the full capacity and 2 shows per day
announcement notice 在 Announcement / Notice - Facebook 的推薦與評價
Facebook. facebook · 1. 28. 48. Announcement / Notice by Linximeng 林夕梦-无钢圈bra/男士内裤-. Loading... Try Again. Cancel. Loading... Loading... ... <看更多>