關於 education system or educational system ，我們在網路上蒐集到這些相關的討論、資訊與評價

淺談「假新聞」

最近上課時學到一個新單字「positionality」，讓我想到當前社群媒體上，不停看到的「fake news」——假新聞。

簡言之，「positionality」(位置性) 被定義為於種族、階級、性別、性取向以及能力等狀態中，創造你身分的社會與政治背景。位置性還描述了你的身分如何影響你對世界的理解與看法，以及潛在的偏見。

positionality 位置性；定位
https://terms.naer.edu.tw/detail/3390885/
https://www.lexico.com/definition/positionality

以下是我對「positionality」與 「fake news」的些許觀點：

“Fake news” has permeated all facets of life, ranging from social media interaction to presidential elections. Fake news can be defined as “fabricated information that mimics news media content in form but not in organizational process or intent” (Lazer et al., 2018, p. 1094). The creators and outlets of fake news do not ensure the accuracy and credibility of information, but rather disseminate misinformation or disinformation for purposes ranging from personal amusement to creating deceptions to achieve political aims. At times, fake news is created and disseminated by state or non-state actors using social media accounts and networks of bots designed to hijack feed algorithms of platforms such as Twitter or Facebook (Prier, 2017, p. 54). In the 2016 U.S. presidential campaign, Facebook estimated that up to 60 million bots were used to post political content. Some of the same bots were then used in an attempt to influence the 2017 French election (Lazer et al., 2018, p. 1095). Such campaigns can be understood as a form of information warfare, a comprehensive attempt to control and influence every facet of the information supply chain, thereby influencing public opinion and behaviors. (Prier, 2017, p. 54). Often, fake news is not directly created by actors that seek to manipulate but by journalists or content creators whose content favors or aligns with the narratives of these actors (Doshi, 2020).

從社群媒體的互動到總統選舉，「假新聞」（fake news）已滲透至生活的各個層面。假新聞可被定義為「在形式上而非組織過程或意圖上，模仿新聞媒體內容所捏造的資訊」（Lazer et al., 2018, p. 1094）。無論是出於個人愛好或為達政治目的而有所欺瞞，假新聞的製造者與傳播管道並不保證資訊的準確性與可信度，反而是為了散播錯誤訊息（misinformation）或扭曲訊息（disinformation）。有時，假新聞是由國家或非國家行為者（state or non-state actors）所製造與傳播，藉由社群媒體帳號及網絡機器人來劫持諸如臉書與推特等平臺的推送演算法（Prier, 2017, p. 54）。在2016年的美國總統大選中，臉書估計有多達６千萬個機器人被用來發布政治貼文。其中，有部分機器人被用於影響隔年的法國大選（Lazer et al., 2018, p. 1095）。此類行動可視為資訊戰（information warfare）的一種形式，一種對控制與影響資訊供應鏈各環節的全面嘗試，從而影響公眾輿論與行為（Prier, 2017, p. 54）。假新聞通常是由記者或內容創造者（content creators）所創造，而非試圖操弄的行為者，前者的內容偏好符合後者的敘事（Doshi, 2020）。

Nevertheless, while the term “fake news” is commonplace, there is no universal, measurable way to quantify the fakeness or truthfulness of news. There are many fact-checking and media-bias detection tools, but they cannot objectively detect and clarify the more subtle and nuanced aims of manipulative actors that play a crucial role in news production. It can also be argued that the veracity of news depends not only on the actors that seek to manipulate it, but also on the positionality of its consumers. Therefore, one’s initial line of defense against misleading news lies not in the plethora of fact-checking devices but more in one’s pre-existing dispositions and skills to think and act in response to misleading information. This ability can be referred to as critical thinking, which can be more concretely expounded as “reasonable and reflective thinking focused on deciding what to believe or do” (Ennis, 2011, p. 15).

然而，即便「假新聞」一詞隨處可見，卻沒有統一、可衡量的方式來量化新聞的虛假性或真實性。目前有許多事實查核與媒體偏見檢測工具，但它們無法客觀地檢測與說明行為操弄者更狡猾、更細緻的目標，而這些操弄者往往在新聞的生產中發揮著重要作用。我們也可以說，新聞的真實性不僅取決於試圖操弄它的行為者，同時還取決於新聞受眾的位置性。因此，一個人對抗誤導性新聞的第一道防線，不在於這些五花八門的事實查核方式，反而在於個人所固有的性格，以及針對誤導性資訊的思考與行動等相關技能。這種能力可稱為批判性思考（critical thinking），意即「專注於決定相信什麼或做什麼的理性思考與反思性思考」（Ennis, 2011, p. 15）。

Taiwan, also known as the Republic of China (ROC), is at the forefront of information warfare. It is wedged between the geopolitical struggles of global and regional hegemonies such as the United States and China, the People's Republic of China (PRC). Compounding the matter are the Taiwan’s own political actors vying for influence and power. This struggle seeps into all aspects of life and practice, mainly manifesting itself on social media, a battleground of information warfare. The Ministry of Education of Taiwan is cognizant of these information campaigns, and efforts have been made to introduce media literacy into all parts of its education system. According to the ministry, the government has tried to promote media literacy education since 2000 (MOE, 2002, p. 1), with one of its primary goals to cultivate its “citizens” abilities for independent learning, critical thinking, and problem solving” (MOE, 2002, p. 2).

臺灣，也被稱為中華民國，正處於資訊戰的最前線。這是全球霸權與地區霸權之間——如美國與中國（中華人民共和國）——的地緣政治對抗。使問題惡化的是臺灣自身的政治行動者對影響力與權力的奪取。這場對抗遍布於現實生活的各個面向，主要於社群媒體中——資訊戰的戰場——展露無遺。臺灣的教育部注意到了這些資訊的煙硝，並已努力將媒體素養引入其教育體系。據該部稱，自2000年以來，政府一直試圖推展媒體素養教育（MOE, 2002, p. 1），其主要目標之一是培養「公民獨立學習、批判性思考以及解決問題的能力。」（MOE, 2002, p. 2）。

★★★★★★★★★★★★

上述段落認為，由於個人的位置性(positionality)，「假新聞」極難定義。此外，有許多人把不符合自身成見與偏好的新聞逕斥為假新聞。這其實相當危險，因為個人觀點將會變得愈發孤立與激進。

閱聽人應意識到，他們在網路上看到的每個資訊都有特定立場。是否真有毫無立場的新聞文章？為了對抗操弄性或強制性資訊（coercive information），我們必須意識到權力於個中的作用，以及我們自身的位置性如何形塑我們的詮釋。這是我們的第一道防線。

★★★★★★★★★★★★

參考文獻

Doshi, R. (2020, January). China steps up its information war in Taiwan. Foreign Affairs. Retrieved March, 21, 2021, from https://www.foreignaffairs.com/articles/china/2020-01-09/china-steps-its-information-war-taiwan

Ennis, R. H. (1985). A logical basis for measuring critical thinking skills. Educational leadership, 43(2), 44-48.

Lazer, D. M., Baum, M. A., Benkler, Y., Berinsky, A. J., Greenhill, K. M., Menczer, F., ... & Zittrain, J. L. (2018). The science of fake news. Science, 359(6380), 1094-1096.

MOE (Ministry of Education), Taiwan. (2002). White paper on media literacy educational policy. Retrieved March, 21, 2021, from http://english.moe.gov.tw/public/Attachment/ 2122416591771.pdf

Prier, J. (2017). Commanding the trend: Social media as information warfare. Strategic Studies Quarterly: SSQ, 11(4), 50-85.

★★★★★★★★★★★★

教育時評: http://bit.ly/39ABON9

相關詞彙: https://bit.ly/2UncrfI

TED相關影片: https://bit.ly/3BDsDKl

徵才機關：國立屏東科技大學
人員區分：其他人員
官職等：無
職系：無
名額：1
性別：不拘
工作地點：90-屏東縣
有效期間：110/06/29~110/07/05
資格條件：
■徵聘單位：研究總中心(科技教育領域)
■徵聘職稱：講師級研究員
■名額：1
■一般資格條件：具教育部認可之國內、外相關系所碩士學位或講師級以上教師資格證書者。
■專長領域或特殊資格條件(含研究著作要求)：
1.取得國內外機械工程、教育科技等相關領域之碩士以上學位。
2.具備Arduino開發、micro:bit開發、感測器應用與多媒體設計等能力。
3.具Unity 3D程式設計能力，且有3年以上Unity 3D開發經驗。
4.具備獨立開發手機APP或AR、VR相關專案或數位學習教材專案等3年以上之開發經驗 (應徵時須檢附作品集)。
5.具一年以上任教領域相關之實務經驗（自碩士畢業起算）。

■Department：General Research Service Center
■Position：Lecturer Rank Research Fellow
■Vacancy：1
■General Requirement：A master’s degree recognized by the Ministry of Education of the R.O.C. in relevant fields is related or an experience as a lecturer (or above) with an official teaching certificate.
■Specialization or Special Qualification(research and publication requirement included)：
1.A master's degree or above in mechanical engineering, educational technology or other related fields.
2.Experience in multimedia design and application of IOT hardware (e.g., Arduino, micro: bit, and multi-sensors).
3.At least tree-year experience in Unity 3D development.
4.Experience in designing and building advanced applications for the iOS or Android platform, AR/VR, and digital learning system. (Offer relevant works)
5.More than one year of teaching experience.
工作項目：
■備註︰
一、以上應徵之「一般資格條件」，須於公告截止日前（110年7月6日）已具有碩士(含)以上學位。
二、以上應徵之「專長領域獲特殊資格條件」中有關「實務工作經驗」之審核，本校將依教育部訂定公布「技專校院專業科目或技術科目之教師業界實務工作經驗認定標準」規定辦理。
三、報名期間︰自公告日起至110年7月6日止截止收件。
四、報名方式︰報名方式︰一律採書面方式報名，收件至報名截止日止。
(一)郵寄方式報名：以郵戳為憑，請寄送至91201屏東縣內埔鄉老埤村學府路1號，國立屏東科技大學人事室收。
(二) 親送方式報名：以本校人事室「職缺收件章」收件日期為憑，請於報名截止日前之本校工作日期間親送至本校行政中心二樓人事室，交由人事人員收執，並加蓋「職缺收件章」。
※ 應檢附之證件不齊或逾期者，均不予受理。
五、聯絡電話︰08-7703202轉分機6113 本校人事室盧先生。
六、應徵信封右上角請務必註明「應徵者姓名」及「應徵單位（領域）」；資格符合者由徵聘單位辦理後續審查事宜，不合者恕不退件及函復。如未獲錄取時需返還書面應徵資料，請附足額回郵信封以利郵寄。
七、報名需繳交表件︰(徵聘單位另有資料需求者，請依其需求辦理)
(一)現職工作佐證文件(國外任職證明文件須附中文譯本並經我國駐外單位驗證)。
(二)個人基本資料表（請詳細註明通訊地址、聯絡電話、行動電話及電子郵件信箱）。
(三)最近五年內著作一覽表。
(四)最高學歷畢業證書影本，畢業學校如係國外學歷須為教育部所認可且經我國駐外單位驗證有案者，須於公告截止日前取得之學歷始予採認。
(五)檢附相關實務工作經驗之證明文件影本。（須於公告截止日前之實務工作經驗始予採認）
(六)最高學歷歷年成績單影本，畢業學校如係國外學歷須為教育部所認可且經我國駐外單位驗證有案者。
(七)其他有利於聘審之資格證明文件。
(八)國立屏東科技大學個人資料蒐集聲明暨同意書。
※※（一 ~ 八）項資料請勿膠封，使用長尾夾固定成冊即可※※
八、請應徵者詳閱「本校個人資料蒐集聲明暨同意書」，確認同意相關事項後簽名，並隨同履歷資料繳件。
工作地址：
聯絡E-Mail：
聯絡方式：
九、前述第七項（1款）所需之「個人基本資料表(word檔案)」、「個人資料簡表(校務基金進用研究人員)(Excel檔案)」表格，刊登於本校首頁（網址：http://www.npust.edu.tw/）點選「徵才資訊」及人事室網站首頁（網址http://personnel.npust.edu.tw/bin/home.php）最新消息、徵才求職，請自行下載相關表格使用；其中有關「個人資料簡表.xlsx(Excel檔案)」，請另行以E-mail方式逕傳送以下相關系、所承辦人：
項目 單位 郵件信箱
(一) 研究總中心 grsc@g4e.npust.edu.tw
十、依「校務基金進用研究人員聘用辦法」規定：
(一)校務基金進用研究人員以編制外人員契約進用，其等級分為特聘級研究員、教授級研究員、副教授級研究員、助理教授級研究員及講師級研究員等五級（以下簡稱校務基金進用研究人員），其遴聘資格準用「大學研究人員聘任辦法」之規定。
(二)校務基金進用研究人員聘期，以一年一聘為原則，但計畫期限在一年以內者，應依實際所需時間聘用。
(三)聘期最長以三年為限，每年須依規定接受評鑑，其辦法另定之。
(四)用人單位辦理校務基金進用研究人員辦理續聘時，應提出聘用期間執行研究成果績效報告，並載明要求事項及檢據證明文件資料，提送校務基金進用研究人員評審委員會審議。
(五)校務基金進用研究人員於契約期間至少應參與一項研究計畫並於本校課程期間內每週實際授課2至4小時。
十一、應徵者之個人資料將用於本校此次徵聘研究人員之各項相關業務；且錄取後，將其個人資料供校務行政之用。
十二、本校聘任前依性侵害犯罪加害人登記報到查訪及查閱辦法第14條之規定，應申請查閱有無性侵害犯罪紀錄。
十三、本公告同時刊登於下列網站：
(一)行政院人事行政總處網址http://www.dgpa.gov.tw/點選「事求人」。
(二)本校首頁網址http://mportal.npust.edu.tw/bin/home.php 點選「求才資訊」。
(三)本校人事室網址http://personnel.npust.edu.tw/bin/home.php點選「最新消息」及「徵才求職區」。
(四)「全國就業通」網址https://www.taiwanjobs.gov.tw/Internet/index/index.aspx 點選「找工作」。
(五)「104人力銀行」網址https://www.104.com.tw/index.cfm。
(六)「教育部全國大專教育人才網」網址https://tjn.moe.edu.tw/index.php/點選「職缺訊息」。
(七)「科技部網站」網址https://www.most.gov.tw/?l=ch/點選「動態資訊/求才訊息」。
<<** 詳細內容請依人事室網站公告內容為基準 **>>
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職缺類別：
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Continue ReadingWhy is Germany a country of engineering? / By Investing Man
′′ Germany ′′ the top country of engineering advancement
From electrical appliances, automotive to mandatory system, electric car signals.

German Citizenship Tools Even With High Prices
But it comes with more performance, durability and innovation than anyone.

Many companies that are even over 100 years old.
But these German brands still guarantee their unmatched quality and expertise.

And where does Germany's engineering progress come from?

Welcome to the article series ′′ Branding the Nation ′′ branding instead of country.
Episode why is Germany a country of engineering?
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Situation and economic update with Blockdit
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Blockdit.com/download
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Investman wants to take everyone back to the 19th century industrial revolution era.

As many people already know that
Britain is the first country in the world to have an industrial revolution since July. B.E. 1780
Followed by Belgium and France

While the economy of other countries in Europe is turning through to progress.
Germany just reunited countries by land which is now Germany. Just completely united for the first time on July. Year 1871 which is the same as the reign of King Rama 5 of the Kingdom of Siam.

From the gathering of German tribes led by the Northern Prussian Kingdom.
With little and big south under the lead of Emperor Wilhelm 1
And Prime Minister Ottoffon Bi Mark

The industrial revolution later made Germans not want to waste their time. Try wrong, try right.
To develop the country to thrive.

The important thing in this regard is to put the process of education and research systematically, therefore, the government puts ′′ education reform ′′ first.

Even many European countries have founded the university since medieval times.
But Europe's academics won't be much involved in the business and industry.

Academics are posing as ′′ gentlemen ′′ not doing business and not messing with industrial sector.
The mechanics, technicians, or anyone involved in the industrial sector will be seen as lower than academics.

But German education doesn't look that way..

With Germany's absence of colony and its revolutionizing industrial slower than many countries.
The only thing that could make the Empire that was recently advanced further than others.
It's scientific advancement, especially in ′′ applied science

Under the lead of Bismarck, huge educational budgeting occurred.
Educational welfare is founded in technical college.
Educational emphasis on Technician and Engineering Career Specifically

Berlin's Technical College of Berlin was established in Year B.E. 1879
Developed from the college of mining that was founded in kho. B.E. 1770
This place is currently the Technical University of Berlin (Technische Universität Berlin)

Apart from Berlin
Technical universities are also established at other states around the country during the evacuation time.
Technical University of Darmstutt, established in July. B.E. 1877
Hannopher Technical University established in July B.E. 1879

Having a unique university in Technician and Engineering
Make a lot of workforce and technicians
When these workers graduate, they can enter into industrial sector immediately.

Government also supports universities to cooperate with industrial sector.
There is a collaborative research between academics and businessmen in industry circles.

Engineering research is easily implemented in the business world.
When businesses can make profit, they give money back to support research.
Later on, many big companies start having their own research and development institutions.

Germany's engineering development is growing in a leap.
Especially in the steel industry.

The German Empire Steel Industry Center is located around the Roore River Valley.
Aka Ruhrgebiet (Ruhrgebiet) which is west of the country.
This area is a major source of iron and coal mineral, with an epicenter in Esseen.

But originally, most steel industries use mild steel, these iron are fragile.
Make it not yet applied for much use.

For steel to be stronger and more durable, it is necessary to transform the chemical structure of steel by fusing and filling the mineral into steel.

But ironing requires a very high temperature at the moment, no effective and cost effective stove for production.

How to produce Siemens-Martin Steel
Which was invented in July. 1865 by 2 researchers
One of them is German named Sir Carl Wilhelm Siemens
Created an accelerated steel squid oven that can heat up to 1,500 degrees Celsius.
It's called a pan stove or open hearth furnace.

With education system that strongly connects research and industrial sector.
Not long ago, German steel company brought a new refiner.
xỳāng rwdrĕw application in the steel industry

Led by steel company called ′′ Krupp ′′

Krupp company founded by the Krupp family has a history back to mid 16th century.
There is an office located in Esseen during which German railway expands rapidly.
Esen City becomes the center of the steel industry.
Krupp company also leads to manufacturing metal-based products such as railroad tracks and locomotives.

Alfred Krupp has funded research to find out how to produce steel.
Scholarship to the scholars when a new refiner comes out successfully.
Krupp company has become a leader in global export steel production.
From railroad tracks, development to machinery and factories.

Not long ago, Germany was on board, Europe's major steel manufacturer overtakes England.

Krupp company currently has merged with Thyssen steel company.
Became a ′′ Thyssenkrupp ′′ company.

Even the steel industry is going to lower the role.
But Thyssenkrupp has continued to be a leader in engine parts.
Aircraft, elevator and escalator components.

Apart from the steel industry, another industry in which German engineering knowledge has advanced over many countries during the same time is the electrical industry.
Led by a company called ′′ Siemens ′′

Founder of this company is Werner von Siemens Berlin electric engineer
This is the real brother of Sir Carl Wilhelm Siemens who invented steel production methods.

Werner von Siemens has automatically invented a typed telegram system.
Instead of knocking, using Morse code, then founded Siemens company in July. B.E. 1847

Siemens company has expanded its business across Europe and USA.

Werner von Siemens also the world's first electric elevator developer in July. B.E. 1880
The inventor of mechanical dynamo that transforms mechanical energy into electric energy.
And build an electric bus or Trolley Bus in July. B.E. 1882

Siemens are currently the world's leading electrical engineering company.
There are a variety of products from electronics, electric car, medical tools.
Electric train signal system to wind turbine technology

In addition to Thyssenkrupp and Siemens, the brand is under 100 years old.
Germany also has many engineering companies that all have the same age.

The whole Leica company founded in July. B.E. 1869
Expert in the production of eyelet lenses, medical devices and cameras.

AEG company founded in July. 1883 Manufacturer of large generator and tram system

Osram company separated from Siemens in July. Prof. 1909 is a leader in light bulb technology.

Dedication to developing applied science education and connecting to the business sector, opens new advancements in engineering.
And bring Germany to step up, standing in the front line of the world's leading industrial countries.

But not only the advancements in the steel and electrical industry.

Founded Technical University will produce important people in the science industry.
To take Germany to open the world into a new industry.

Industry that will forever change people's lifestyle
′′ The chemical industry "..

Prepare to meet the article series ′′ Branding the Nation ′′ to build brand instead of country.
In the next episode coming soon..
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Situation and economic update with Blockdit
There's a podcast to listen to on the go.
Blockdit.com/download

Love this article. Must read this book.
′′ 1,000 year world economy ′′
If you want to know the possibilities of the world economy, you need to understand

1,000 year world economy, 6th print.

This book will talk about the history of the world economy since Fri 1100 Keep going until 1100 B.E. 2019

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Follow to invest man at
Website - longtunman.com
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Twitter - twitter.com/longtunman
Instagram-instagram.com/longtunman
Line - page.line.me/longtunman
YouTube - youtube.com/longtunman
References
- Robert C. Allen, World Economic History
- Chattip Nak Supha, History of Comparative Industrial Revolution
-.. .. Chachphon Kolkathada, a war that never won.
-https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_hearth_furnace
-https://www.thyssenkrupp.com/en/productsTranslated

Does College Kill Creativity? Is It Even Worth It? Why Not Focus On Building A High-Income Skill Where Dan's Students Are Making Money Regardless Of College? Click Here To Join Dan's Free Masterclass Now: http://collegekills.danlok.link

If you're going to school, you may be wondering, "does school really matter?". It depends on your goals. But if you feel like school is not for you and it kills your productivity, watch this video.

? SUBSCRIBE TO DAN'S YOUTUBE CHANNEL NOW ?
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Check out these Top Trending Playlists -
1.) Boss In The Bentley - https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLEmTTOfet46OWsrbWGPnPW8mvDtjge_6-

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3.) Dan Lok’s Best Secrets - https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=FZNmFJUuTRs&list=PLEmTTOfet46N3NIYsBQ9wku8UBNhtT9QQ

Not long ago, Dan Lok was just a poor immigrant boy. He had nothing but a strong desire to get out of debt and make enough to provide for his single mom. With this strong desire, Dan quit his job as a grocery bagger. He dropped out of college. And he became an entrepreneur.

After 13 failed businesses, Dan finally became a self-made millionaire at age 27 and multi-millionaire by age 30.

Fast forward to today, Dan is now an official Forbes Book author with over 13 internationally best-selling books. He’s the founder and chairman of several multimillion dollar businesses. And outside of his business success, he is one of the most-watched, most quoted and most followed educators of our time. In total, his videos have been watched over 100-million times across his social media platforms. His emails are read by over 2,000,000 people every month.

If you want the no b.s. way to master your financial destiny, then learn from Dan. Subscribe to his channel now.

★☆★ CONNECT WITH DAN ON SOCIAL MEDIA ★☆★
YouTube: http://youtube.danlok.link
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Facebook: http://facebook.danlok.link
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Linkedin: http://mylinkedin.danlok.link
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#DanLok #TypesOfIntelligence #College

Please understand that by watching Dan’s videos or enrolling in his programs does not mean you’ll get results close to what he’s been able to do (or do anything for that matter).

He’s been in business for over 20 years and his results are not typical.

Most people who watch his videos or enroll in his programs get the “how to” but never take action with the information. Dan is only sharing what has worked for him and his students.

Your results are dependent on many factors… including but not limited to your ability to work hard, commit yourself, and do whatever it takes.

Entering any business is going to involve a level of risk as well as massive commitment and action. If you're not willing to accept that, please DO NOT WATCH DAN’S VIDEOS OR SIGN UP FOR ONE OF HIS PROGRAMS.

This video is about Does College Kill Creativity? 9 Types Of Intelligence
https://youtu.be/juj2-EnM_AI
https://youtu.be/juj2-EnM_AI

How do foreign families who move to China cope with raising their Children here? If you wanted to come and live in China, could you bring your kids along? What about schooling? What about Medical care? I speak to my friend Kodak who has three American children and his American wife here in China.

George's YouTube channel:
https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCNXJ3BSjYia767J_UhbjcNw

Kodak's gaming channel:
https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCZO2fd3bVGSXmYuCfQRjNNg

Education in China is a state-run system of public education run by the Ministry of Education. All citizens must attend school for at least nine years, known as the nine-year compulsory education, which the government funds.

It includes six years of primary education, starting at age six or seven, and three years of junior secondary education (middle school) for ages 12 to 15. Some provinces may have five years of primary school but four years for middle school. After middle school, there are three years of high school, which then completes the secondary education.

The Ministry of Education reported a 99 percent attendance rate for primary school and an 80 percent rate for both primary and middle schools. In 1985, the government abolished tax-funded higher education, requiring university applicants to compete for scholarships based on academic ability. In the early 1980s the government allowed the establishment of the first private school, increasing the number of undergraduates and people who hold doctoral degrees fivefold from 1995 to 2005.

In 2003 China supported 1,552 institutions of higher learning (colleges and universities) and their 725,000 professors and 11 million students (see List of universities in China). There are over 100 National Key Universities, including Peking University and Tsinghua University. Chinese spending has grown by 20% per year since 1999, now reaching over $100bn, and as many as 1.5 million science and engineering students graduated from Chinese universities in 2006. China published 184,080 papers as of 2008.

China has also become a top destination for international students. As of 2013, China is the most popular country in Asia for international students, and ranks third overall among countries.

Laws regulating the system of education include the Regulation on Academic Degrees, the Compulsory Education Law, the Teachers Law, the Education Law, the Law on Vocational Education, and the Law on Higher Education. See also: Law of the People's Republic of China.

Although Shanghai and Hong Kong are among the top performers in the Programme for International Student Assessment, China's educational system has been criticized for its rigorousness and its emphasis on test preparation.

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Beijing (formerly romanised as Peking) is the capital of the People's Republic of China and the world's third most populous city proper. It is also one of the world's most populous capital cities. The city, located in northern China, is governed as a direct-controlled municipality under the national government with 16 urban, suburban, and rural districts. Beijing Municipality is surrounded by Hebei Province with the exception of neighbouring Tianjin Municipality to the southeast; together the three divisions form the Jingjinji metropolitan region and the national capital region of China.

A city combining both modern and traditional architecture, Beijing is an ever-changing megacity rich in history but also truly modern, exemplified in its extraordinary global influence in politics, business & economy, education, history, culture, language, music, sporting, architecture, civilization, fashion, art, entertainment, innovation and technology. Beijing is the second largest Chinese city by urban population after Shanghai and is the nation's political, cultural, and educational centre. It is home to the headquarters of most of China's largest state-owned companies, and is a major hub for the national highway, expressway, railway, and high-speed rail networks. The Beijing Capital International Airport has been the second busiest in the world by passenger traffic since 2010, and, as of 2016, the city's subway network is the busiest and second longest in the world, after Shanghai's subway system.

The city's history dates back three millennia. As the last of the Four Great Ancient Capitals of China, Beijing has been the political centre of the country for much of the past eight centuries. With mountains surrounding the inland city on three sides, in addition to the old inner and outer city walls, Beijing was strategically poised and developed to be the residence of the emperor and thus was the perfect location for the imperial capital. Beijing was the largest city in the world by population for much of the second millennium A.D. The city is renowned for its opulent palaces, temples, parks, gardens, tombs, walls and gates, and its art treasures and universities have made it a centre of culture and art in China. Encyclopædia Britannica notes that "few cities in the world have served for so long as the political headquarters and cultural centre of an area as immense as China." Beijing has seven UNESCO World Heritage Sites – the Forbidden City, Temple of Heaven, Summer Palace, Ming Tombs, Zhoukoudian, as well as parts of the Great Wall and the Grand Canal, all popular locations for tourism. siheyuans, the city's traditional housing style, and hutongs, the narrow alleys between siheyuans, are common in urban Beijing and are also major tourist attractions. The city hosted the 2008 Summer Olympics and was chosen to host the 2022 Winter Olympics, which will make it the first city to ever host both events.

Many of Beijing's 91 universities consistently rank among the best in China, of which Peking University and Tsinghua University are ranked in the top 60 universities in the world. In 2015, 52 companies of the Fortune Global 500 company headquarters were located in Beijing, more than any other city in the world, including state-owned enterprises State Grid, China National Petroleum, and Sinopec Group, ranked 2nd, 3rd, and 4th, respectively. Beijing CBD is quickly becoming the center for Beijing's economic expansion, rapid modernization, and radically changing skyline, with the ongoing or recently completed construction of multiple skyscrapers. Beijing's Zhongguancun area is also known as China's Silicon Valley, China's center of innovation and technology entrepreneurship. According to the 2016 InterNations Expat Insider Survey, Beijing ranked first in Asia in the subcategory "Personal Finance Index," a measure of expats' salaries versus cost of living in the city. Expats live primarily in the east, in urban districts such as Dongcheng and Chaoyang, or in suburban districts such as Shunyi.

Let's take a proper look at Beijing, the Capital city of China...

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