【藥事知多D】張先需不需要服這種藥呢?
張先,大家未必聽過,不過藥罐子相信大家應該聽過蘇軾吧?
其實蘇軾是張先的好友,而且同樣喜歡寫詩填詞,雖說人氣或許比不上蘇東坡,不過同是一位著名的文學家。
相傳張先在八十歲的時候,納了一個十八歲的妾,便拿這件事跟蘇東坡賦詩道:
「我年八十卿十八,卿是紅顏我白髮。與卿顛倒本同庚,只隔中間一花甲。」
聽罷,蘇軾便以文會友,以詩還詩道:
「十八新娘八十郎,蒼蒼白髮對紅妝。鴛鴦被裡成雙夜,一樹梨花壓海棠。」
當然「忘年戀」不是本文的重點。
重點是……嘩!一個自稱「白髮」的「花甲」老人仍然有心有力,不需要假手於人……修正,應該是假手於藥,果然寶刀未老,不是嗎?
不過所謂「再鋒利的刀都會有生鏽的一日」,萬一真的力不從心,怎麼辦?
這方面,其中一類常用藥便是磷酸二酯酶抑制劑(Phosphodiesterase Inhibitor, PDEI),主要是Sildenafil、Tadalafil、Vardenafil。
一般相信這三種藥的藥效彼此沒有明顯的差異。[1][2]
其中Sildenafil、Vardenafil一般會在服藥後大約一小時內見效並會維持大約4至5小時的藥效,所以一般建議行房前至少30至60分鐘服用,給予藥物足夠時間發揮藥效。
在使用上,服藥後2小時內不宜進食肥餐(Fatty Meal),即膏粱厚味,因為這可能會減慢藥物的吸收,從而延緩藥效。所以最理想的服法當然是餐前2小時或者餐後2小時服用。
至於Tadalafil一般會在服藥後大約2小時內見效並會維持大約36小時的藥效,所以一般建議行房前至少2小時服用。
同時因為Tadalafil的時效較長,長達36小時,自然便不用「即興即食即做」,一般較方便。
在使用上,食物一般不會影響Tadalafil的吸收,所以未必需要餐前服用。
話說回來,這類藥主要透過抑制體内的磷酸二酯酶(Phosphodiesterase, PDE),主要是第五型磷酸二酯酶(Phosphodiesterase Isoenzyme Type 5, PDE-5),便可能會提高體內一種稱為環鳥嘌呤苷單磷酸(Cyclic Guanosine Monophosphate, cGMP)的水平,從而可能會導致陰莖海綿體(Corpora Cavernosa)的平滑肌鬆弛,舒張血管,增加陰莖的血流量,產生勃起的效果。
因為這類藥還可能會舒張體內其他血管,例如頭顱、皮膚,從而可能會產生頭痛、臉潮紅、這些副作用。
當然不用問,還有低血壓。
除此之外,這類藥還可能會「踩過界」,同時可能會抑制其他磷酸二酯酶,從而可能會出現其他副作用。
其中Sildenafil同時較可能會抑制視網膜(Retina)上視桿細胞(Rod Cells)、視錐細胞(Cone Cells)裡的第六型磷酸二酯酶(Phosphodiesterase Isoenzyme Type 6, PDE-6),便較可能會出現視力模糊、藍視(Cyanopsia)(視物皆藍)的副作用。
至於Tadalafil同時較可能會抑制肌肉的第十一型磷酸二酯酶(Phosphodiesterase Isoenzyme Type 11, PDE-11),便較可能會出現肌肉痛的副作用,例如下背痛(Low Back Pain)。
在罕有的情況下,這類藥還可能會矯枉過正,誘發陰莖異常勃起(Priapism),簡單說,便是「太持久」。別以為「金鎗不倒」是一件好事,實際上,這往往可能會誘發不可逆性的陰莖海綿體纖維化(Corporal Fibrosis)並可能會導致永久性勃起功能障礙(Erectile Dysfunction),俗稱「陽痿」。[3]所以如果用藥者服藥後持續勃起超過4小時的話,請盡快求醫處理。
值得一提,性刺激可能會促進陰莖的內皮細胞(Endothelial Cells)釋放一氧化氮(Nitric Oxide, NO)出來,用來促進cGMP的產生,舒張血管,促進陰莖勃起。
因為一些藥例如硝酸鹽類(Nitrates)同樣可能會釋放一氧化氮出來舒張血管,所以一般不建議兩者同時同服,避免誘發低血壓,構成危險,一般建議服用Sildenafil、Vardenafil後不宜服用硝酸鹽類至少24小時;至於Tadalafil則需要至少48小時。[4]
除此之外,這類藥一般避免與酒精同服,因為這可能會誘發直立性低血壓(Orthostatic Hypotension)。
這是一個非常重要的提醒。
為什麼?
唔……君不見很多情侶往往喜歡上浪漫餐廳吃燭光晚餐開紅酒摸酒杯搞氣氛弄情調做前奏嗎?再說,酒或許不能壯陽,不過卻能會壯膽,對吧?
所謂「酒壯色膽」,此之謂也。
所以不論有沒有服藥,還是少喝酒為妙,以免酒後糊塗。
最後有人可能會投訴道:
「咦?為什麼服藥後還是不行?」
唔……背後的原因,一般主要可能有以下兩個:
第一,這類藥還是需要性刺激做訊號發揮藥效,所以只適用於「有心無力」的人,並不適用於「無心無力」的人。
第二,這類藥並非萬試萬靈。實際上,大約30至40%的人服藥後還是無效。[5]
(如欲了解更多用藥資訊,歡迎看看「小小藥罐子」網誌。)
💊💊💊💊💊💊💊
BLOG➡️http://pegashadraymak.blogspot.com/
IG➡️https://www.instagram.com/pegashadraymak/
YT➡️https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCQOMojMd6q7XnESMWwldPhQ
📕📕📕📕📕📕📕
著作➡️藥事知多D、用藥知多D、藥房事件簿、家居用藥攻略(各大書店有售)
Reference:
1. Curran MP, Keathing GM. Tadalafil. Drugs.2004;63:2203-2212.
2. Keating GM, Scott LJ. Vardenafil. Drugs.2003;63:2673-2703.
3. Halls JE, Patel DV, Walkden M, Patel U. Priapism: pathophysiology and the role of the radiologist. Br J Radiol. 2012;85(Spec Iss 1):S79-S85.
4. Kloner RA, Hutter AM, Emmick JT. Time course of the interaction between tadalafil and nitrates. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2003;42:1855-1860.
5. McMahon CN, Smith CJ, Shabsigh R. Treating erectile dysfunction when PDE5 inhibitors fail. BMJ. 2006;332:589-792.
同時也有10000部Youtube影片,追蹤數超過2,910的網紅コバにゃんチャンネル,也在其Youtube影片中提到,...
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無限期支持王醫師😂😂😂
〈植物的逆襲〉這由Dr. Steven Gundry所寫,這本書也是徐昂先生極力推薦的一本書,我選擇這書本來回應徐昂先生,是因為此書在我臨床上最多病患詢問而且感到疑惑的一本書。文章的結尾有我回應徐昂先生的一段文字。
以下來書中的摘要:
「凝集素(lectin)是一種毒性極強的毒素,它不僅存在於穀物,也常見於許多人們以為是健康的食物中,包括:多種水果、蕃茄、南瓜、堅果、豆類、傳統乳製品、小麥草……等。這些常見健康蔬果類的種子、穀物、表皮、硬殼和葉子裡的蛋白質,本來是設計來保護植物不受動物(包括人類)的傷害,一旦被動物吃下肚,就會累積於體內,漸漸對腸道造成破壞、阻斷荷爾蒙運輸,最後導致過敏、腸躁症、關節炎、心血管疾病等多種慢性病。」
「結果發現那些可以殺死昆蟲或讓昆蟲身體不能動的植物毒素,也能無聲無息地毀壞你的健康,並且在不知不覺中影響你的體重。我把這本書命名為《植物的逆襲(The Plant Paradox)》的原因,就在於雖然許多植物性食物對你很好,而且事實上也是我自己飲食計畫中的基礎,但是有很多被視為「健康食物」的植物,實際上卻是造成你生病和過重的罪魁禍首。
沒錯,大部分植物其實都想要讓你生病。」
------------------------------------------------------------------
以上是作者的主要論述,認為植物的「反營養素」如凝集素(lectin)、配糖生物鹼(glycoalkaloids)、植酸(Phytate)及小麥胚芽凝集素(wheat germ agglutinin / WGA)等對人體有極大的傷害,但此書的有足夠的醫學證據嗎?或者實證醫學的證據等級夠強嗎?
其實此書已經被專業的網站(https://www.redpenreviews.org)檢視過了,而此網站逐一檢視了這本書所提出的證據,結果發現此書提出的論點及證據非常薄弱,甚至一些論點都沒有提出相關醫學證據。
有興趣的人可以參觀此網頁。
https://www.redpenreviews.org/…/the-plant-paradox-the-hidd…/
作者提到凝集素(lectin)造成腸黏膜通透性增加,引發腸漏,進而造成慢性發炎。Redpenreviews提出有幾篇論文都是老鼠實驗,而且是運用高劑量純化的凝集素和未煮熟的生豆(uncooked beans)來餵食這些老鼠所引發的結果。而目前沒有證據顯示人體在適量及煮熟後的凝集素的情況下,增加腸黏膜通透性。
作者提到的小麥胚芽凝集素(wheat germ agglutinin / WGA)會引起暴飲暴食(overeating)和肥胖,因為有研究顯示WGA有類似胰島素的效應(insulin–like effects),這只有在細胞培養的實驗發現(cell culture experiments),而沒有在人體的實驗証實這一點.就算是細胞培養的實驗,作者沒有告訴我們的是, WGA在低劑量作用下的反而增加「細胞的胰島素敏感性」.
目前也有多研究提到了凝集素(lectin)、植酸(Phytate)及配糖生物鹼(glycoalkaloids)的好處,他們可以有降血壓、抑制癌細胞、抑制微生物及抗發炎等功能,以上這些好處作者也故意忽視不談。
植酸可降低糖尿病患者的糖化終產物(AGEs)。
Phytate Decreases Formation of Advanced Glycation End-Products in Patients with Type II Diabetes: Randomized Crossover Trial
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29941991
凝集素(lectin)與抗發炎
Lectin obtained from the red seaweed Bryothamnion triquetrum: Secondary structure and anti-inflammatory activity in mice
https://www.sciencedirect.com/…/artic…/pii/S0141813017344641
凝集素(lectin)與抗癌及抑制癌細胞
Lectins as bioactive plant proteins: a potential in cancer treatment.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16183566
Mushroom Lectins as Promising Anticancer Substances
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26916164
Lectins with Potential for Anti-Cancer Therapy
Molecules 2015, 20, 3791-3810; doi:10.3390/molecules20033791
Plant lectins in cancer prevention and treatment
Department of Biotechnology, University of Rijeka, Rijeka
orcid.org/0000-0002-3388-4645
Could plant lectins become promising anti-tumour drugs for causing autophagic cell death?
Cell Prolif. 2013 Oct;46(5):509-15.
Lectins as Promising Therapeutics for the Prevention and Treatment of HIV and Other Potential Coinfections
BioMed Research International
https://doi.org/10.1155/2018/3750646
Glycoalkaloids and Metabolites Inhibit the Growth of Human Colon (HT29) and Liver (HepG2) Cancer Cells
https://pubs.acs.org/doi/full/10.1021/jf030526d
凝集素(lectin)可抗菌及抗黴菌
Lectins as antimicrobial agents.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30053345
Antibacterial and Antifungal Activities of Lectin Extracted from Fruiting Bodies of the Korean Cauliflower Medicinal Mushroom, Sparassis latifolia (Agaricomycetes).
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27481295
Insights into Animal and Plant Lectins with antimicrobial activities
Molecules 2015, 20, 519-541; doi:10.3390/molecules20010519
Antimicrobial Activity of Lectins from Plants
https://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/…/983af6440005d0b0d55783b1…
目前已經有好幾篇大型的研究顯示攝取含有凝集素的食物如豆類,全穀物和堅果等與降低心血管疾病,體重減輕和第二型糖尿病的發病率有關。(注意:這裡不是攝取精緻加工食品或精緻澱粉哦)
Whole grain, bran, and germ intake and risk of type 2 diabetes: a prospective cohort study and systematic review. PLoS Med. 2007;4:e261.
Whole grain and refined grain consumption and the risk of type 2 diabetes: a systematic review and dose-response meta-analysis of cohort studies. Eur J Epidemiol. 2013;28:845-58.
Whole-grain consumption and risk of coronary heart disease: results from the Nurses’ Health Study. Am J Clin Nutr. 1999;70:412-9.
Resistant starch: the effect on postprandial glycemia, hormonal response, and satiety.Am J Clin Nutr. 1994 Oct 1;60(4):544-51.
研究也顯示類風濕關節炎多攝取足夠的蔬菜、豆類、香料(薑黃及生薑)、季節性水果、益生菌優酪乳等,及避免精緻加工食品或添加糖,可以大大改善類風濕關節炎的症狀。
Managing Rheumatoid Arthritis with Dietary Interventions
Front. Nutr., 08 November 2017 | https://doi.org/10.3389/fnut.2017.00052
其實很多人不知道其實是肉類或魚都含有所謂的凝集素(lectin),如果凝集素如此恐怖,那肉類、魚和植物我們都不能吃了,我們還能吃什麼?難道只能「灌油」!
Animal lectins: a historical introduction and overview.
Biochim Biophys Acta. 2002 Sep 19;1572(2-3):187-97
Animal Lectins: A Functional View
https://www.crcpress.com/Animal-Lectins-A-F…/…/9780849372698
Animal Lectins as Cell Adhesion Molecules
https://www.karger.com/Article/PDF/46456
A review of fish lectins.
Curr Protein Pept Sci. 2015;16(4):337-51
Functional Aspects of Fish Mucosal Lectins—Interaction with Non-Self
Molecules. 2018 May; 23(5): 1119. doi: 10.3390/molecules23051119
Lectins of the innate immune system and their relevance to fish
health ICES Journal of Marine Science, 58: 380–385. 2001
doi:10.1006/jmsc.2000.1020
--------------------------------------------------------------
我個人對〈植物的逆襲〉這本書是不推荐的,雖然書中還是有很好的建議,認為我們應多攝取低熱量高營養密度的原型食物及少吃精緻加工食品,我想這都是大家的共識。但作者對植物的「反營養素」的論述過於誇大而且提出的醫學證據非常薄弱,故意了忽略這些「反營養素」對人體的好處及所有大型研究提出的實證。而且我們也可以透過浸泡,發芽,發酵和烹飪等方法來降低植物中「反營養素」對人的傷害。而且我個人認為適量攝取植物中的凝集素(lectin)反而對人體有益。
植物當中富含有維生素、微量元素、纖維及植物生化素,纖維又可在大腸發酵成短鏈脂肪酸(SCFAs),這些已經有大量的醫學論文證實對人體有益。
在功能性醫學的領域,確實有少部分人在短中期去掉部分的植物攝取臨床症狀會得到改善,就好像Low FODMAP diet或GAPS diet很有效,這不代表他們需要一輩子執行這樣的飲食法。我們最主要還是幫助患者運用一些方法重整腸道功能,改善後慢慢加入植物纖維的攝取。
回覆徐昂先生:
你提到了你看了很多國外書籍,只是將書籍中的論點分享給你的粉絲。其實這一點是值得鼓力的,但我個人建議你或許應該小心的檢視書中的內容,以中立的態度去分享。國外書籍的作者就算他們是醫師、教授或某專業人士,他們所寫的內容不一定正確,我們應該小心求證而且要有思辨能力,這種情況下分享給群眾才是負責任的態度。
我個人幾天前私底下透過「某負責人」邀約你進行一場「君子之辯」,但是你拒絕了。而你在你的個人網頁雖然沒有指名道姓,說我是「壞人」及「噁心的人」,其實這些我都不在意。我真誠的希望你放下你對我個人的成見,我倆好好來一場理性高品質的「君子之辯」,給大家做個正面的示範。
interaction of drugs 在 Pourezzat Facebook 的最佳貼文
WINSTROL SIDE EFFECTS
As with any anabolic steroid, many are concerned with the associated side effects that do end up Winstrol side effects being associated with it, and of course Winstrol does come with its particular side effects that must be known to the reader.
I have mentioned already that Winstrol is not associated with any estrogenic-related side effects due to its ability to avoid interaction with the aromatase enzyme. Therefore, we can discount any possibility of estrogen related side effects. These include: gynecomastia (breast tissue growth), water retention, fat retention, blood pressure increases, etc.
However, we cannot dismiss the possibility of androgenic side effects for females, and even for males. The first obvious list of to state is that for females, the possibility of developing male characteristics exists. Remember that Winstrol is a DHT-derived anabolic steroid, granting it some quite androgenic strength. Should females use this substance, they must be aware of the possibility of: facial hair growth, deepening of the voice, and clitoral enlargement. Virilisation-type side effects do exist for males as well, and men may experience: increased propensity for acne, increased possible oily skin, body hair growth, and of course the increased risk of male pattern baldness if the person does possess the genetic trait for such a condition.
Hepatotoxicity (liver toxicity) is an issue with Winstrol in both its injectable as well as oral formats. I have discussed this at the beginning of the article and touched upon it several times since, so this should be fairly familiar to you. In order for anabolic steroids to be bioavailable in an oral form, they must be modified at the 17th carbon with an alkyl group. This is known as C17 alpha alkylation. Though this allows the anabolic steroid to pass through the liver unchanged, it also places a certain amount of stress on the liver due to its resistance to breakdown. Unfortunately, Winstrol is one of the only anabolic steroids in which both the injectable as well as the oral formats contain this structural modification, thereby causing it to be more or less equally as hepatotoxic in both formats (even though the injectable avoids the ‘first pass’ through the liver). However, with this being said, it has been known that Winstrol on a milligram for milligram bases, does have less liver toxicity and stress than other comparable oral anabolic steroids such as Anadrol-50 or Dianabol. However, possible liver dysfunction should still be a concern, and it is advisable that Winstrol be run for no longer than 6-8 weeks of the oral form, and an utmost maximum of 10 weeks with the injectable. I would advise to keep either as short as possible on the minimum end. It is also a good idea to use a solid liver support supplement while using oral anabolic steroids in order to minimize risks. Proper bloodwork before, during, and after the cycle is advised in order to keep a close eye on liver enzyme readings. Should readings rise rapidly and end up in the danger zones, one should immediately stop the cycle and seek liver health treatment.
Negative cardiovascular side effects exist with all anabolic steroids, and there is no exception here with Winstrol. In fact, due to the issue that Winstrol is an oral anabolic steroid (thanks to its C17 alpha alkylation), cholesterol level disruptions are even more prominent. This goes for any anabolic steroid that is modified in such a manner for oral consumption. The C17 alkylation not only presents hepatotoxicity, but because it is doing so, the liver, which controls cholesterol production, ends up being affected. As a result, the increase of LDL (bad cholesterol) to HDL (good cholesterol) changes for the worse, and higher levels of LDL result. Anabolic steroids themselves without these oral modifications already have a propensity for increasing LDL levels at supraphysiological doses, and when the oral modifications are taken into account, this becomes even worse. The risks associated with these negative changes are arteriosclerosis, and increased strain on the heart and cardiovascular system as the blood must require even more effort to be pumped through increasingly thick and viscous cholesterol. It is very important to supplement with good fats and fish oils on cycle, and to take a cardiovascular support supplement of some sort in order to positively influence cholesterol levels to favour HDL levels being higher than LDL levels. Once anabolic steroid administration is discontinued, it is important for the reader to understand that unless some sort of proactive change is made in the nutritional sense (as I mentioned in the prior sentence), cholesterol levels will remain negatively affected for weeks following an anabolic steroid cycle! Proactive changes to diet in order to support healthy cholesterol levels on-cycle while using any anabolic steroid is a massive ‘must’ for any user.
Lastly, as with any anabolic steroid, administration of androgenic anabolic steroids will suppress and/or shut down endogenous Testosterone production in the body. Prolonged use and/or higher doses will influence this more and more negatively until the body will not produce any more of its own Testosterone levels. The user in question should, upon cessation of any anabolic steroid cycle, utilize Testosterone and gonadotropin stimulating drugs in order to recover their natural endogenous testosterone production as quickly as possible. Failure to do so can result in permanent damage to the body’s own testosterone production in the long term.
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