SARS-CoV-2的疫苗研發製造的策略:
1.去活化病毒疫苗(inactivated virus vaccines):
病毒已經是被用物理的或化學的去活化(Viruses are physically or chemically inactivated),但是仍然保存病毒顆粒的完整性(preserve the integrity of the virus paticle),它們充當免疫抗原(immunogen)。
2.病毒類似的顆粒或奈米顆粒的疫苗(Virus -like particle or nanoparticle vaccines):
結構性的病毒的蛋白質已經被共同表現(structural viral proteins are co-expressed),,形成沒有感染性的顆粒(form non-infectious particles),來當作疫苗的免疫抗原(vaccine immunogen),它們類似真實的類病毒(real virions)但是缺乏病毒的基因體(lack the virus genome)。
3.蛋白質次單元的疫苗(Protein subunit vaccines):
這種策略只有包括關鍵性的病毒的蛋白質或胜太(only key proteins or peptides),它們能夠在細菌(bacteria)酵母菌(yeast)昆蟲或脯乳類細胞(insect or mammalian cells)中在人體外被製造(manufactured in vitro),目前最大多數的在臨床期和臨床前期階段登錄在案候選的SARS-CoV-2疫苗,都是根據這種策略研發製造的。
4.病毒引導導航導向的疫苗(virus-vectored vaccines):
編碼致病原抗原的基因(genes encoding pathogen antigen),是被導入非複製的或複製的病毒載體(cloned into non-replicating or replicating virus vectors)例如腺病毒(adenvirus),這些抗原在免疫化作用後,由被轉換的宿主細胞產生(the antigens are produced by transduced host cells after immunization)。
5.DNA和mRNA疫苗(DNA and mRNA vaccines):
DNA和mRNA疫苗(DNA and mRNA vaccines),有可以快速製造用來抵抗突現性的致病原的優勢(DNA and mRNA vaccines have the advantage of rapid manufacturing against pathogens),DNA 疫苗(DNA vaccines),藉由再重組的DNA 質體所編碼的病毒的抗原(viral antigens encoded by a recombinant DNA plasmid),在宿主細胞中經由次序性的轉錄到轉譯的過程產生(produced in host cells via sequential transcription-to translation process)。相反地,mRNA 疫苗(mRNA vaccines)是藉由在人體外的轉錄過程被合成(synthesized by in vitro transcription),它們經由在人體內的直接的蛋白質轉譯,在細胞質中產生病毒的抗原(they produce viral antigens in the cytoplasm through direct protein trsnslation in vivo)。
6.活的減毒的病毒疫苗(Live-attenuated virus vaccines):
在這種策略中,病毒是藉由在人體外或人體內的過程或反向的遺傳的突變的產生作用而被減毒(virus is attenuated by in vitro or in vivo passage or reverse genetic mutagenesis),這個結果病毒變成沒有致病性或變成弱的致病性(the resulting virus becomes non-pathogenic or weakly pathogenic),但是仍然維持保持類似活的病毒感染的免疫抗原性(retains immunogenecity by mimicking live virus infection)。
資料來源:
Viral targets for vaccines against COVID-19
Nature Reviews Immunology(2020)18 DEC 2020)
感謝 #Cheng_Sheng_Tai 醫師提供資料
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【#迷上英式英文】英國首相Theresa May辭職演說
蕭叔短評:保持她一貫風格,好悶。
Ever since I first stepped through the door behind me as Prime Minister, I have striven to make the United Kingdom a country that works not just for a privileged few, but for everyone. And to honour the result of the EU referendum.Back in 2016, we gave the British people a choice. Against all predictions, the British people voted to leave the European Union.
I feel as certain today as I did three years ago that in a democracy, if you give people a choice you have a duty to implement what they decide.I have done my best to do that. I negotiated the terms of our exit and a new relationship with our closest neighbours that protects jobs, our security and our Union. I have done everything I can to convince MPs to back that deal. Sadly, I have not been able to do so.
I tried three times. I believe it was right to persevere, even when the odds against success seemed high. But it is now clear to me that it is in the best interests of the country for a new Prime Minister to lead that effort.
So I am today announcing that I will resign as leader of the Conservative and Unionist Party on Friday 7 June so that a successor can be chosen. I have agreed with the Party Chairman and with the Chairman of the 1922 Committee that the process for electing a new leader should begin in the following week. I have kept Her Majesty the Queen fully informed of my intentions, and I will continue to serve as her Prime Minister until the process has concluded.
It is, and will always remain, a matter of deep regret to me that I have not been able to deliver Brexit. It will be for my successor to seek a way forward that honours the result of the referendum. To succeed, he or she will have to find consensus in Parliament where I have not. Such a consensus can only be reached if those on all sides of the debate are willing to compromise.
For many years the great humanitarian Sir Nicholas Winton – who saved the lives of hundreds of children by arranging their evacuation from Nazi-occupied Czechoslovakia through the Kindertransport – was my constituent in Maidenhead. At another time of political controversy, a few years before his death, he took me to one side at a local event and gave me a piece of advice. He said, ‘Never forget that compromise is not a dirty word. Life depends on compromise.’ He was right.
As we strive to find the compromises we need in our politics – whether to deliver Brexit, or to restore devolved government in Northern Ireland – we must remember what brought us here. Because the referendum was not just a call to leave the EU but for profound change in our country. A call to make the United Kingdom a country that truly works for everyone. I am proud of the progress we have made over the last three years.
We have completed the work that David Cameron and George Osborne started: the deficit is almost eliminated, our national debt is falling and we are bringing an end to austerity. My focus has been on ensuring that the good jobs of the future will be created in communities across the whole country, not just in London and the South East, through our Modern Industrial Strategy.
We have helped more people than ever enjoy the security of a job. We are building more homes and helping first-time buyers onto the housing ladder - so young people can enjoy the opportunities their parents did. And we are protecting the environment, eliminating plastic waste, tackling climate change and improving air quality. This is what a decent, moderate and patriotic Conservative Government, on the common ground of British politics, can achieve - even as we tackle the biggest peacetime challenge any government has faced.
I know that the Conservative Party can renew itself in the years ahead. That we can deliver Brexit and serve the British people with policies inspired by our values. Security; freedom; opportunity. Those values have guided me throughout my career.
But the unique privilege of this office is to use this platform to give a voice to the voiceless, to fight the burning injustices that still scar our society. That is why I put proper funding for mental health at the heart of our NHS long-term plan. It is why I am ending the postcode lottery for survivors of domestic abuse. It is why the Race Disparity Audit and gender pay reporting are shining a light on inequality, so it has nowhere to hide. And that is why I set up the independent public inquiry into the tragedy at Grenfell Tower – to search for the truth, so nothing like it can ever happen again, and so the people who lost their lives that night are never forgotten.
Because this country is a Union.Not just a family of four nations. But a union of people – all of us. Whatever our background, the colour of our skin, or who we love. We stand together. And together we have a great future.
Our politics may be under strain, but there is so much that is good about this country. So much to be proud of. So much to be optimistic about. I will shortly leave the job that it has been the honour of my life to hold – the second female Prime Minister but certainly not the last. I do so with no ill-will, but with enormous and enduring gratitude to have had the opportunity to serve the country I love.
Video Source: BBC News
Transcription: The Guardian