關於 琉璃光院歷史 ，我們在網路上蒐集到這些相關的討論、資訊與評價

親愛的朋友：

1987年，張毅、楊惠姍在淡水海邊找到了一個地方，蓋了一個以博物館為概念去規劃的三層樓建築物，他們所有的夢想和創意完全投入在這個地方。那就是～琉璃工房的開始。

早期，工作室不對外開放，卻經常接待訪客，有遠至遙遠非洲的國王以及國外邦交元首總統。他們在工作室𥚃，看到一群年輕的工作者，在沒有空調的高溫下，汗流浹背的工作。那種近乎宗教式信仰的狂熱，那種台灣新人文工藝的精神，是這群工作的人最大的信仰。也是讓人最感動的地方。

可惜期待的博物館，因為淡水新市鎮規劃的限制，無法做更大的發展。

2011年，松山文創園區初創時，琉璃工房配合台北市政府的規劃，全力支援2011台北世界設計大展，在松山文創園區創辦了琉璃工房博物館。

對於這塊具有歷史意義的場域，楊惠姍與張毅，以琉璃工房在藝術、工藝美術，設計、電影、文學、餐飲的學習經驗，結合松山菸廠的悠久歷史，除了對台灣的的群眾展示世界琉璃藝術外，更全方位的推動台灣文創與世界的對話。

十年來，琉璃工房松菸博物館舉辦了近20場，包括美、法、英、義等世界級頂尖的琉璃大師的展覽，每一個展覽活動，都希望在這塊土地上，展示一個國際的現代化的琉璃藝術創作與文化精神；更透過與世界琉璃創作的交流平台，將中華文化的美與琉璃的種子，散播出去。

多年的耕耘，琉璃工房博物館在國際上已經是一個很有信譽，很重要的琉璃藝術策展人。

淡水，一直是楊惠姍與張毅最深愛的地方，琉璃工房會回到這個充滿美好回憶的地方，重新繼續那個夢想⋯

張毅先生曾經說：
『夜晚你將看到各式的琉璃化成一片片琉璃磚，築起一個透明的色彩空間，光由內往外照射，戶外，大型的琉璃雕塑，和天地互相地唱和。空中有歌聲低唱，有時以爲是濤聲⋯
博物館的深處，有一個用琉璃建起的大堂，沒有人知道應叫「廟」還是「禪院」，每個人赤脚小心翼翼地走過滿地的琉璃蓮花磚，覺得心境驀然清靜⋯⋯』

琉璃工房的博物館，我們的夢，不會停止；一步一步，至善前行，直到抵達為止。

在此，感謝台北市政府與松山文創園區長久的鼓勵與支持；更感謝這十年來陪伴我們一起走過琉璃工房松菸博物館各式大大小小展覽的朋友們。

2021年8月起，琉璃工房松菸博物館、藝廊及餐廳將圓滿結束。

但是，相信我們，我們會繼續努力，打造下一個令人期待的琉璃博物館。

琉璃工房博物館 敬上
　　
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★自2021年8月起，琉璃工房松菸博物館、藝廊及餐廳將正式關閉。法國穹頂玻璃藝術大師Eric Bonte作品展，將於7/31結束，還沒看展的朋友，敬請把握最後時間。
★已購入展覽門票但來不及看展的朋友，我們將一一聯繫您辦理退票事宜。
★如欲欣賞與收藏作品的朋友，請就近至BR4復興SOGO 9樓琉璃工房藝廊，或全台各地藝廊均可為您服務。

＃再怎麼樣還是捨不得說再見
＃楊姐說下一個博物館還要繼續養鴨子
＃假如PO上曾經在琉璃工房松菸博物館拍過的美美照片讓我們懷念我們會很感謝

「地獄空」攝影集即將在八月中元節前出版，由知名設計師與攝影家黃子欽設計，內附在下二位高徒精美繪製符咒、心經版畫書籤、愣嚴咒牌、尊勝咒語...等，感恩十方大德助印，希望疫情退散，平安喜樂，後記如下：

野放台灣五十餘年，貪狼獨坐，三方四正殺破狼格局，少年多舛，白手起家，隨展覽雲遊四海，如閒雲野鶴常持各類底片機流連廢墟、山川、宮廟忘返，遂設幻影堂自詡堂主，一日三省「凡所有相皆是虛妄」，常宅於暗房沖片放大通宵、鍾情黑白世界之單純，彩色照片俗世繽紛花俏做作甜美甚至比現實更現實故少拍也。知天命之年有餘，了悟人生一瞬、眨眼即逝，雖非仙人，亦無道骨，初聞離垢地生清淨心，但離華嚴「不動地」尚遠，待修持也。
2017年盛暑拍畢《巨神連線》，心律不整差點心肌梗塞向閻羅王報到，意識死神隨伺在側，人生苦短，如何了生脫死、盡斷煩惱、無所罣礙、遠離顛倒……總不得解，蒙釋迦摩尼佛開示飆淚三晝夜，聞佛法數載始知自我渺如塵埃，甚感慚愧。閒暇乃參訪名寺古剎，禮敬焚香佛陀菩薩羅漢諸神天仙王爺媽娘，台灣宮廟千奇百怪、宗派錯綜複雜（佛教、道教、一貫道、天主教、基督教、齋教、回教＆大同教、儒教鑾堂、天帝教＆天德教、慈惠堂＆勝安宮、軒轅教、道院、理教、萬國道德會、會靈山……）、神棍橫行（依人不依法、偶像崇拜、斂財、邪淫），因歷史變遷、社會動盪、政治鬥爭、意識形態等因素導致佛道混雜，但地獄造景稀少，後專注拍攝各殿閻王、判官、陰司、獄卒、七爺、八爺乃至一切罪人，各寺造景巧妙、耐人尋味，意境乖張溢於言表，造型扭曲非常人所能塑也，然匠心獨運、自成一格，專研西方藝術數十載方知真誠樸拙最美，絲毫不輸喬托（Giotto di Bondone，1267～1337）乃至米開朗基羅（Michelangelo Di lodovico Buonarroti Simoni 1475 ~ 1564）矣。

創立於1986年的石門金剛宮風景優美可眺望北濱，雖主祀四面佛，儒釋道眾神尊也不含糊，可過七星橋解厄、繞行五百黝黑羅漢敲鑼印心、跪拜亞洲最大臥佛涅槃像，安太歲自不在話下，甲子太歲爺雙眼長出手掌印象甚深，1994年經閻羅王指示廟公建造一條肚內設極樂世界及陰曹地府之神龍，行走暗黑通道觸動感應機關，只見面容猙獰受刑者呼天搶地喊冤、身邊盡是血肉糢糊殘肢敗屍腦漿塗地，十殿閻羅各司其職、威儀攝人。新北市林口區青嶺湖北文紫祥宮包公廟則以壁面彩塑地獄浮雕獨步全台，粉嫩色彩搭配卡漫風格，尤為造型簡直恐怖到可愛透頂，該廟主祀森羅殿閻羅天子包拯（包青天），陽世冤屈者可至此參拜祭解，求破懸案者眾，逢中元普渡皆以紙紮船渡亡魂至彼岸，全台唯一閻羅天子巨像籌備中，四周環繞墓地，適合修不淨觀也。台灣首尊彰化八卦山大佛旁南天宮（1971）地府則是首座電動地府，規模精小但驚嚇度破表，略顯破敗但五光十色仍蠻凶悍，出自已故台南大道長金登富之作，而電動神明起始可追溯至1960年代北港朝天宮。倒是嘉義水上鄉白人牙膏觀光工廠「戴相府」、「將軍府」設置十殿地府出乎意料之外，乾淨亮麗、ㄧ殿ㄧ間、簡單樸實。由高雄蓮潭龍虎塔龍口入內可見全臺唯一交趾陶地獄牆面，尊尊栩栩如生，續入龍身乃進聞聲救苦白衣觀音大士三十三化身浮雕隧道，造型設色甚為古錐。高雄大岡山超峰寺入口處「西方三聖蓮池海會」（阿彌陀佛、觀世音菩薩、大勢至菩薩巨像）旁設靜態十殿閻羅（1970年代初），雖略為陳舊然韻味猶存，續往上行可抵「證菩提道－釋迦如來應化事迹」雕塑園區，一攬世尊畢生精華。如來年邁時，琉璃國王為報長期被釋迦族輕蔑之傲慢心，世尊雖三次單獨伽跌坐 阻擋大軍進攻之路，但因緣果報無法逆轉，昔日婢女所生王子瞋恨無以復加，還是滅了祖國。自持神通第一目犍連不忍無辜百姓慘遭屠殺，遂以缽盛救度五百族人，最終卻化為血水，佛言神通廣大仍不敵千百劫業力，因緣果報屢試不爽。其母死後墜入餓鬼道飢餓難耐，目犍連遂展神通救渡，但所食尚未入口皆化為赤火，佛陀囑咐農曆七月十五日僧眾解安居自恣日，於盆中設甘露美食供養十方僧眾，因此超度亡母。後世「盂蘭盆法會」乃至「水懺法會」、「瑜珈焰口法會 」皆為消業障、斷塵垢之超渡儀軌，既渡亡魂也自懺悔。

台南麻豆代天府規模宏大、造型豔麗，不但可遊十八層地獄尚可逛天堂（1979年興建，1983年開放)，燈光絢爛、聲響駭人，獨自漫步宛如觀落陰、地獄走一回。先過「心頭山」、入「清心池」、進「陰陽界」、抵「交簿廳」、達「鬼門關」、遊「補經所」、探「枉死城」、行「奈何橋」，至ㄧ殿泰廣王照「孽鏡台」現造惡原形，睹抱柱、火床等小地獄。二殿楚江王開「陰查簿 」判案定奪，觀糞尿泥、餓鬼、舞池、寒冰、膿血、鞭韃、舌犁、劍葉、戟腹拋接、砧截……等小地獄。三殿宋帝王刑罰為倒吊、銅鐵刮臉、挖眼、搗樁、倒烤、吸血、穿肋、抽筋、蛆蛀等小地獄……兼遊「四生（胎、卵、濕、化）回魂府」。四殿五官王掌管腰斬、拔舌、沸湯、刺嘴、剝皮、箭樹、車崩、射眼……等十六小地獄。隨五殿森羅王豋「望鄉臺」回眸親人最終眼後觀擊膝、誅心、刀山、飛刀火石……小地獄。六殿卞城王別稱「大叫喚大地獄」，轄火牛、虎啖、噬腎、鉗嘴含鍼、釘喉、磨摧、砍頭……等小地獄。七殿泰山王為「熱惱大地獄」，窺烙手指、抽腸、頂石蹲身、油釜滾烹、割舌穿腮……等十六小地獄。八殿都市王掌管「大熱惱大地獄」兼火狗、鐵汁、鐵蛇、鋸劈斷肢、釘板、灸脊、鐵丸、磅秤……等小地獄。九殿平等王直轄十八層「阿鼻大地獄」，直透地心、內中陰森、不見五指、滿溢地漿，皆為極犯，另轄紫赤毒蛇鑽孔、夾頂、鐵鴉、針雨、蜂蠍……等小地獄。至十殿輪轉王上「觀生臺」、「轉劫所八司」（查驗司 、稽善司 、考過司 、恩怨司 、壽命司 、支配司、掌劫司 、授生司）後至「孟婆亭」飲「醧忘湯」忘盡前塵往事，依前世功德過金、銀、玉、石、木、竹六種橋樑至「轉輪臺（紫河車）」入六道輪迴轉生投胎。據《十八泥犁經》記載，人過世後七七四十九天為「中陰生」，經閻羅王審判善惡業力判定去留或懲罰百千萬劫，犯五逆重罪則墮入「無間地獄（阿鼻地獄）」永劫不復。地藏王乃幽冥教主，統轄十殿閻羅，逢三曹普渡便在各殿設「講道所」超度尚存善根之鬼魂。

人類居於五趣（阿修羅、人、傍生、餓鬼、地獄）雜居地五濁惡世之堪忍世界，犯十惡業（殺生、偷盜、邪淫、妄語、兩舌、惡口、綺語、貪慾、嗔恚、愚痴）者必墮三趣惡道。如何出「三界」（欲界、色界、無色界）二十八天？凡人無此意識，別說能破「十二因緣」（無明、行、識、名色、六入、觸、受、愛、取、有、生、老死）還滅門，更別想斷除「四聖諦」（苦、集、滅、道）集地八十一品見惑與八十八使思惑（五利使-身見、邊見、邪見、見取見、戒禁取見、五鈍使-貪、瞋、癡、慢、疑），了悟「五蘊」（色、受、想、行、識）本空、「十二入」（眼、耳、鼻、舌、意、色、聲、香、味、觸、法）空、「十八界」空，破俱生我執與分別我執、法執甚至空執，生十一處「善心所」（信、精進、慚、愧、無貪、無瞋、無痴、輕安、不放逸、行捨、不害），降二十六處「惡心所」（貪、瞋、癡、慢、疑、惡見、忿、恨、覆、惱、嫉、慳、誑、諂、害、憍、無慚、無愧、掉舉、惛沉、不信、懈怠、放逸、失念、散亂、不正知），須知善根斷盡則陷永劫輪迴、無垠轉世之苦。

地獄可能空滅嗎？若地獄空乏人間多鬼怪，地獄淨空世間何嘗非淨土？若能證空性何處現地獄？

地獄曠古來便廣泛流傳各部族間，老死生滅為自然運行之基礎、宇宙意識之核心，然今文明昌盛如咱城邦並非慾望消弭之所，惡性所及實無可根除，礙於憲法國家法律社會軍隊企業公司學校家庭團體之層層束縛不亞於十八層，乃遁於壓抑、束己情懷，暗埋心底、日久貪嗔痴慢疑怨噌會疊穢。而六塵未熄，心多妄念，妖魔鬼怪魑魅魍魎孤魂閃靈出沒於荒郊乃至人間，會靈於曠野密林以增性靈乃出世高人修煉之舉，我等凡人擅闖宛如迪士尼般之人造地獄，三魂七魄尚不足以出竅，驚邪恐怖淒厲猙獰倒滿足了自以為是的慚愧，豈不謬哉？

病毒肆虐年半有餘，全球確診者逼近一億八千萬，枉死者近四百萬，堪比戰爭規模，望眾生發慈悲心、令往生者安息、善待其他物種、平等有情眾生。地獄本空，唯妄念生起一切羨慕嫉妒恨而地獄現前。盡以此書作為世界新冷戰獨裁者、超限戰者、暗網駭客、陰險狡猾冷嘲熱諷落井下石者之良知備忘錄矣。

姚瑞中寫於2021年端午節

Postscript

I have been living recklessly in Taiwan for more than fifty years. According to Zi Wei Dou Shu (Purple Star Astrology), Tan Lang is the sole star in my house of Self. This star, which represents xxx, forms an equilateral triangle with that star Qi Sha and Po Jun on the square chart and constitutes a Sha Po Lang pattern. The pattern indicates a kind of turbulence and change, a life of wandering with ups and downs and it tells a lot about my life. After my ill-fated youth, I started from scratch and traveled around the world with exhibitions that I participated. Like a flaneur, I wandered around ruins, nature, and temples with every type of film camera obliviously. Thus, I founded the Hall of Illusion and claimed to be the master of the hall. Several times a day, I pondered a quote from the Diamond Sutra, “Everything with form is unreal.” In addition, I usually stayed in the darkroom developing film and enlarging those negatives overnight. However, I treasured the simplicity of the black and white world. The earthly, gaudy, garish, phony and pleasing qualities within colored photos make the images even more realistic than the real world. It is not my cup of tea, so I seldom took colored photos. In Confucian thought, the age of fifty marks the stage knowing the mandate of Heaven. I am now at my fifties and realize how ephemeral human life is. However, I am not an immortal, nor having sagelike characteristics. I just learned that the stage of stainless (the second bhūmi) and develop a pure mind that is free from doubt and defilement. However, I’m still far from the immovable state and need to practice.

In the summer of 2017, after filming the work Incarnation, I experienced a severe heart rhythm problem which almost triggered myocardial infarction and could have killed me. Consequently, I realized that death was waiting for me and the life is too short to figure out how I can liberate myself from the cycle of Birth and Death. I couldn’t comprehend how to be free from all afflictions and worries and how to avoid delusive ideas. I wept for three days and nights after being enlightened by Shakyamuni Buddha. Up to the moment, I felt ashamed that I failed to realize that the self is as insignificant as dust after these years learning and practicing Buddhism. Since then, I have visited famous temples and monasteries in my spare time, worshiping Buddha, Bodhisattvas, arhats, and all the deities and immortals. Taiwan’s temples are myriad with a enormous number of sects, including Buddhism, Taoism, Yiguandao, Catholicism, Christianity, Chinese religions of fasting, Islam& Baháʼí Faith, Confucianism, Tiandiism& Tian-De Teachings, Xiwangmu cult, Yellow Emperor Sect, Precosmic Salvationism, Liism, World Wide Ethical Society, séance cult, etc. Some people even claim that they can mediate communication between the deities or spirits of the dead with human beings, having their believer rely on themselves instead of the orthodox dharma or dogma and pay excessive respect and admiration for the mediums or objects, accumulating wealth through such an unfair means or even harassing their believer sexually. Due to Taiwan’s historical changes, social turbulence, political struggles, and ideological issues, Buddhism and Taoism are somehow mixed. However, there are few emphases on the concept of the hell. As I took photographs of Yama of each court, judges, wardens of the underworld, jailers, General Fan and Hsieh (the ghost escorts) and all sinners, I found few temples cleverly created hellish scenes that are intriguing, exaggerating, and extraordinary. However, the creations are unparalleled unique. I have been studying Western arts for decades and then I came to realize that simplicity makes the most beautiful works of art. These hellish scenes can even compete with works of Giotto di Bondone (1267-1337) and Michelangelo Di lodovico Buonarroti Simoni (1475-1564).

Jingang Temple Shimen District, founded in 1986, overlooks the beautiful North shore. Although the temple is mainly dedicated to Phra Phrom (the Thai representation of Mahabrahma), spirits of Confucianism, Buddhism, and Taoism can also be founded in the temple. The worshipper can go cross the Seven Star bridge to relieve bad luck, walk along the five hundred arhat statues and knock on the gong to affirm one’s Buddha nature. Furthermore, the worshipper can also prostrate themself before Asia’s largest statue of Buddha in Nirvana (the Reclining Buddha statue) and pacify the Taoist Tai Sui deity of the year. I was impressed by the Jia-Zi Tai Sui General that a pair of palms grow out of his eyes. In 1994, the biō-kong (the person taking charge of the temporal affairs of a temple) received a divine inspiration from Yama (the King of Hell) that he had to build a sacred hall in the shape of a divine dragon, with the interior designed according to the World of Ultimate Bliss and the Underworld. When the visitor walks in the dark hallway, they will see the tortured people (dioramas, of course) scrunching their faces and crying bitterly and loudly in excessive grief as the visitor triggers the mechanism. One will even find them in the midst of flesh, body liquid and blood, mutilated limbs, and rotten corpses. While each of the ten Yamas are focusing on their own duties, showing their sacred dignity that collect visitors’ attention. The Baogong Temple in Linkou District, New Taipei City exclusively features colorful depiction of hellish scenes in relief in Taiwan. With its pastel shades and cartoon-like style, the relief is both grotesque and adorable at the same time. This temple is dedicated to Bao Zhen (also known as Justice Bao) representing the incarnation of Yama. Living people who have been treated unjustly can come worshipping Bao Gong and receive exorcism. Therefore, many people come here for seeking to solve unsolved cases. In Zhongyuan Festival (the ghost festival), the temple will burn the Zhizha (paper craft) boat to ferry the ghosts to the other shore, which is the shore of enlightenment. The only giant statue of Yama in Taiwan is still in the making. The temple is surrounded by a cemetery, suitable for meditating on the loathsomeness and impurity. Nantian Temple (1971), located next to the Eight Trigram Mountains Buddha in Changhua, features the first animatronic underworld. Despite the small size, the animatronic underworld is intensely shocking. Though it’s slightly worn, the colorful dioramas are still brutally ferocious. The creator was the late venerable Dao Zhang (Taoist priest) Jing Deng-fu while the origin of animatronic deities can be traced back to the 1960s Beigang Chaotian Temple. On the contrary, the Whiteman Toothpaste Tourism Factory in Shuishang Township, Chiayi, features ten Yamas with individual booth. The place is unexpectedly clean and polished yet keeps a simple and modest tone. Then, the Dragon Pagoda of the Dragon and Tiger Pagodas at Lotus Lake in Zuoying, Kaohsiung, holds the only relief of hellish scenes made of Kochin ceramic. All the figures are vivid and life-like. If one goes further into the pagoda, they will see a relief tunnel of the thirty-three incarnations of the white-robed form of Guanyin (Avalokiteśvara) on a white lotus, with a lovely and interesting design. Another Hall of Yama is built in the 1970s next to the entrance of Dagangshan Chaofeng Temple, located in the Alian District of Kaohsiung. Visitors will also see three statues of the Three Holy Ones of the Western Pureland (Amitābha, Avalokiteśvara, Mahāsthāmaprāpta) which assemble at a lotus pond. Although the hellish scene looks somewhat antiquated, you may still find its previous charm. If one goes further, they will reach the sculptural garden of “Attaining the Bodhi Way: the Incarnation of Sakyamuni Buddha,” where the visitor can see the essence of Bhagavato’s (meaning the Blessed one, one of the common epithets for Buddha) life. When Tathāgata (another epithet for Buddha) was old, the king of Kosala wanted to avenge the arrogance of the tribe of Shakyas who had long despised him, regarding him as a son of a maiden. Although Buddha has sat in lotus position alone three times to stop the army from attacking his tribe. However, one can never reverse the cause and following karma. The prince born of a maiden was so furious that he eventually destroyed his homeland. Maudgalyāyana (one of the Buddha’s closest disciples), who is said to have had supernatural abilities that surpassed the other disciples, could not bear to see the slaughter of innocent people. Thus, he saved five hundred people of his tribe with a pātra (an eating utensil of Buddhist monks). Unfortunately, everything he did was in vain, those who were saved eventually turned into a puddle of blood. The Buddha said that the supernatural abilities cannot surpass the power of karma. The cause and effect work all the time. When Maudgalyāyana’s mother fell into the path of hungry ghost, he used his supernatural abilities to save his mother from hunger. However, all the food turned into fire before being fed to his mother. Later, the Buddha commanded the monks to put nectar and dishes in a basin on the 15th day of the seventh month in the lunar calendar for the monks from all directions to free his mother from reincarnation. In later times, the Ullambana Dharma Service, the Compassionate Samadhi Water Repentance, and the Yoga Collection for Feeding the Searing Mouths Dharma Service are rituals to eliminate karmic hindrance and to cease to worldly delusions. Through such practices, one can free the dead as well as confess their repentance.

Madou Daitian Temple is a magnificent and colorful temple in Tainan. Not only can the worshippers visit the eighteen levels of Hell but also the Heaven (it was built in 1979 and inaugurated in 1983) here. The lighting and sound effects are stunning and frightening. When walking alone in the space, one may feel like taking a Guan Luo Yin trip (a Taoist necromancy which leads people’s spirits to hell and communicate with the dead ones) to visit the underworld prison. Before arriving the first court of the underworld, the visitor will walk through the Mountain of Heart Summit, the Pure Heart Pond, the Frontier between the Living and the Dead Realms, the Soul Registry Hall, the Portico of Demons, the Center for Complementary Teaching of Canonical Books, the Citadel of Premature Death, and the Bridge of Vanity. When one arrives at the first court, they will see King Chin-guang, who is in charge of the court, using the Mirror of Retribution to show the earthly form of evil creatures and also witness the sub-hell of Pillar-Holding and Fire Bed, etc. At the second court, King Chu-jiang collates the register of sins the souls of the dead have committed to impose the punishments. Here, you will see the sub-hell of Excrement and Urine, Hungry Ghost, Burning Dance Floor, Ice, Pus and Blood, Whipping, Tongue-Raking, Sword Blade, Stomach-Piercing, Chopping, etc. Next, the dead at the third court, ruled by King Song-di, will receive the punishments including inversion tortures, face-skinning with steel and copper knife, eye-wrenching, pounding, blood-sucking, rib-piercing, roasting, tendon-taking, being eaten by maggots. The visitor can pay a visit to the Palace of Soul-Resuscitation for the Four Forms of Creatures (birth from an egg, birth from a womb, birth from moisture, and birth by transformation). King Wu-guan is in charge of the fourth court. There are sixteen sub-hells at the fourth court including Waist Chop, Tongue Removal, Boiling Pond, Mouth-stabbing, Skin-peeling, Sword Tree, Burning Wheels and Cart, Eye-shooting, etc. Next, at the fifth court, sinful souls are allowed to ascend the Tower of Hometown-Viewing to take a final look of their family. The visitor will witness sub-hells of Knee-striking, Heart-slicing, Blade Mountain, Flying Swords and Burning Stones, etc. The King of Bian City takes charge of the sixth court, which is also known as the “Great Hell of Screaming,” with sub-hells including Fire Cattle, Tiger-Biting, Kidney-Eating, Mouth-Poking, Throat-Nailing, Iron Mill, Decapitation, etc. The King of Tai-shan is in charge of the seventh court, the “Great Hell of Heat and Fire.” The sixteen sub-hells at this court include Finger-Searing, Bowel-Hauling, Stone-Bearing, Boiling Oil, Tongue-Removal and Cheek-Piercing, etc. Next, the King Du-shi is in charge of the eighth court, the “Great Hell of Intense Fire and Heat,” and the sub-hells including Fire Dogs, Molten Iron, Iron Snakes, Dismemberment, Steel Spikes, Burning-Marrow, Iron Ball, Scale, etc. The ninth court is ruled by the King Ping-deng. It is known as the biggest court, Avici Hell (the Hell of Incessant Suffering), which if the lowest level of the hell realm and the interior is gloomily and terrifyingly dark. Those who committed the most serious evil deed will be sent to the Avici Hell. Sub-hells such as Poisonous Snake, Brain-Removal, Crow-Gnawing, Raining Needles, Wasps and Scorpions are included at this court. After arriving the tenth court, ruled by the Great King of the Reincarnation Palace, one can visit the “Observatory of Life on earth” and the “eight bureaus of the Reincarnation Palace” (including the Bureau of Judicial Control, the Bureau of Good-Actions, the Bureau of Bad-Actions, the Bureau of Debts, Gratitude, and Vengeance, the Bureau of Longevity and Destiny, the Bureau of Familial Ties, the Bureau of the Reincarnated, and the Bureau of Birth). The sinful one will be sent to the Pavilion of Mengpo and made to drink the Soup of Forgetfulness to forget all past affairs. According to the sinful one’s merits of previous life, they will go across one of the six bridges (gold, silver, jade, stone, wood, bamboo) to the “Reincarnation-Wheel (Wheel on the Crimson River).” Finally, one is able to reborn in the six realms. According to the Aṣṭadaśa nāraka sutra ( the Eighteen Hells Sutra), after one passes away, they will enter an intermediate and transitional state between death and rebirth, known as antarābhava in Sanskrit, for forty-nine days. The being will be evaluated by Yama, who will decide if one should get reborn or get punished at the hell. Those who committed the Five Grave Offenses (killing one’s father, killing one’s mother, killing an Arhat, shedding the blood of a Buddha, and creating a schism within the community of Buddhist monks and nun who practice for attaining enlightenment.) will be sent to the Avici Hell and stay there eternally. Kṣitigarbha is the Lord of the Nether World, ruling the ten court of Hell. The lord will set up the “Hall of Teaching” at each court to salvage those sinful ones who still obtain few merits at the offering rituals.

Human beings live the Sahā world (sahāloka in Sanskrit, meaning “endurance of suffering,” a concept of mundane world in Mahāyāna Buddhism) where they share with other reincarnations (including beings of the hells, of the preta, and of malevolent nature spirits) with five turbidities (the Kalpa turbidity, the view turbidity, the affliction turbidity, the living beings turbidity, and the life turbidity). Those who commit the ten evil deeds (killing, stealing, adultery, lying, using immoral language, slandering, equivocating, coveting, anger, and false views) must fall into the three evil paths (animals, preta, and hell). However, how can one escape from the three realms/ twenty-eight heavens (including the six heavens of the desire realm, the eighteen heavens of the form realm, and the four heavens of the formless realm)? Worldly people who don’t have such an awareness cannot leave the cycle of the twelve nidanas (meaning causes or motivations), let alone eliminate the eighty-one afflictions (that have been produced due to misunderstanding regarding reality) and the eighty-eight illusions (including five afflictions of advanced practitioners, also known as five views: view of self, extreme view, evil view, view of attachment to views, and view of morality; and five unintelligent temptations: desire, anger, stupidity, arrogance, and doubt) of thought within the three realms and four Arya satyas (noble truths, including suffering, arising, ending, and path). They cannot realize that the essence of the five skandhas (referring to aggregates of clinging, including the matter of form, sensation, recognition, mental formation, and consciousness) , the twelve ayatana (meaning sense base, including six internal bases: eye, ear, nose, tongue, body, and mind and six external bases: visible objects, sound, odor, taste, touch, and mental objects), and the eighteen dhātavah (meaning compositional elements of human existence, including six consciousness, six faculties, and their objects) are the emptiness and the void. Furthermore, they cannot dispel the two reasons for clinging to the idea of the self and the attachment to elemental constructs and even believe in the two (false) tenets that that karma and nirvana are not real and that the ego and phenomena are real. As a consequence, they fail to develop the eleven wholesome mental factors (faith, energy, conscience, being ashamed, non-attachment, non-aggression, non-delusion, calmness, equanimity, conscientiousness, and non-injuriousness) and cease the sixteen unwholesome mental factors (desire, greed, anger, delusion, arrogance, doubt, wrong view, wrath, enmity, hypocrisy, vexation, jealousy, parsimony, deceit, flattery, harming, ambitiousness, stupidity, lacking of faith, idleness, being unrestrained, forgetting, distraction, non-discernment, ). One must bear in mind that once all our virtuous roots are discontinued, they will be trapped in the never-ending reincarnation and the suffering of infinite continuity.
Is it possible that the hell will be empty one day? If the beings in hell will become extinct while evil spirits inhabit the mundane world, the world could be considered as a pure land. If we could witness the nature of the void, then hell will exist no more.
Since ancient times, the concept of hell has been widely spread among all tribes. Aging, death, beginning, and end are the basis of nature and the core of cosmic consciousness. However, the prosperous civilization as our island is not a place where desire can be eliminated. It’s impossible to eradicate evil nature. Since fetters brought by the constitution, the state, the law, society, the military, corporations, schools, families, and groups are not less than the eighteen levels of hell, the mortals repress themselves, bury their feelings. Day after day, greed, anger, stupidity, arrogance, doubt, and resentment are stacking. However, since the six dust (visible objects, sound, odor, taste, touch, and mental objects) has not yet been extinguished, people in the mundane world are still full of delusions. The demons, devils, evil spirits, and the wondering dead exist in the wilderness, while only advanced practitioners with transcendent would attempt to make contact with the dead in the wasteland and forest. Worldly people like us trespass in Disneyland-like man-made hell. It is absurd and ridiculous that the hellish scenes cannot stop us from perpetrating evil deeds, but the horrific and cruel scenes yet satisfy our self-righteous shame.

The pandemic has been boiling over for more than a year and a half. The number of infected patients worldwide is nearly a hundred and eighty million, and the death toll has risen to four million, which is equivalent to a war crisis. I hope that we can all be compassionate, give peace to the dead, treat all sentient beings well and equally. The hell is innately empty; however, deluded and misleading thoughts would give rise to all jealousy and hatred and then manifest the hell before us. This book merely serves as a memorandum of conscience for dictators of the world’s new cold war, supporters of unrestrained warfare, dark web hackers, and those who are cunning and contemptuous and maltreat others when knowing they have problems.

June 2021,

Yao Jui-chung

#鄭和除了下西洋還負責監督建了哪項中世紀世界七大奇觀

　　鄭和是偉大的航海家，但他在建築上也很有造詣，這就鮮為人知了。江蘇省建築研究所高級工程師孫宗文說，鄭和是內官監太監，主要負責宮廷、塔寺、陵墓等工程方面的事務，天長日久的過問，加上他的天賦和專研，在建築方面不斷有所建樹，堪稱是一位建築工程專家。
　　孫宗文曾就任於北京建築科學院、中國古建築研究室、東南大學建築研究室，從事宗教建築研究長達70餘年，尤其擅長佛像、佛塔、佛寺的建築考古，是該領域中的權威。他告訴記者，鄭和出訪西洋各國時，抽空在當地建築中式的城池廟宇寺塔，把中華建築藝術介紹到海外去。在麻六甲山峰就有一座三寶城，充滿中華文化韻味。麻六甲建造王宮時第一次使用的磚瓦，是鄭和船隊從福建載運過去的，磚瓦泥工也同隨而去，於是，麻六甲人也學回了製磚做瓦，建造房屋的技術。在泰國等地鄭和建有三寶寺塔等建築遺跡，他使中式建築藝術登上了泰國的殿堂。
　　鄭和下西洋每次出海，他都十分留心觀察西洋諸國各具特色的建築風格和雕刻藝術，並善於借鑒其精華，引進國內來。孫宗文舉例說，如福建閩侯縣著名的雪峰寺，是中國佛教歷史上頗具影響的禪寺。在明朝永樂中期，鄭和從南洋攜來兩座瓦塔，安放在這座寺廟前。該塔早已毀壞，遺址尚在。鄭和六下西洋之後，明成祖朱棣已死，航海停了下來，鄭和只能發揮他在建築上的才華。大報恩寺為明代南京名刹，位於中華門外一華里的古長千里。鄭和在下西洋停置期間駐守南京，曾奉敕負責主持修繕南京皇宮和續建大報恩寺琉璃塔工程。該琉璃塔光彩璀璨，蜚聲中外，成為中國佛教文化的一朵奇葩，可惜如今只留下一塊殘碑。
　　孫宗文評價說，大報恩寺琉璃塔建築極其完美，集明代以前中國建築藝術精華於一身，其中以大雄寶殿和四天王殿最為壯觀，下牆、石壇及欄杆，都用漢白玉砌成，雕鏤得非常別致。整個建築群殿閣重重，宏偉壯觀，精巧絕倫，世間無比。琉璃塔全部用白石和五色琉璃瓷磚砌成的。白瓷磚嵌於塔的外壁，每塊瓷塊中央都有一尊金剛佛像，塔上下有鍍金佛像千萬尊；每一佛像用十塊琉璃磚拼成；每層塔樓均用五色琉璃構件，其中黃綠相間的拱門上，飛天、雷神、獅子、白象、花卉等圖案，色彩絢麗；每層塔心，晝夜點燃「長明燈」，入夜燈光十裡可見；八個角都垂掛風鈴，風吹鈴響，遠近皆聞。此塔是當時南京最高的建築，登上塔頂，鐘山大江盡收眼底。為明代南京的標誌，被譽為中世紀世界七大奇觀之一。
　　據史料記載，清乾隆皇帝曾偕同皇太后數下江南，看了南京大報恩寺的琉璃塔和杭州的六和塔，讚不絕口。弘曆年間，在皇太后的旨意下，在承德避暑山莊也仿照了一座永佑寺塔。大報恩寺琉璃塔還令海外各國讚歎不已，認為是舉世無雙的，它的完美建築還影響到歐洲。《造園史綱》中提及：法國路易十四仿南京琉璃塔，於1670年在凡爾賽建造富有中式情調的「藍白瓷宮」。
　　孫宗文還介紹說，最酷似琉璃塔的莫過於晚於它十年左右建造的南京牛首山的弘覺寺塔，簡直是琉璃塔的一個縮影，不同的是它是用普通青磚造的七級浮圖。鄭和還奉命修繕南京宮殿等建築營建的項目，更體現他非凡的建築才華。
（本文由「歷史春秋網」授權「知史」轉載繁體字版，特此鳴謝。）
#知史 #中國歷史 #鄭和 #琉璃塔 #鄭和下西洋 #大報恩寺

頤和園是清朝的皇家行宮和大型皇家園林，位於中國北京市海淀區西北，占地290公頃（合4400畝）。頤和園修建於清朝乾隆年間（原名清漪園）、重建於光緒年間，曾屬於清朝北京西郊三山五園之一。頤和園素以人工建築與自然山水巧妙結合的造園手法著稱於世，是中國園林藝術頂峰時期的代表。1998年，頤和園被評為世界文化遺產。頤和園以萬壽山和昆明湖為主，昆明湖占頤和園總面積的四分之三。除了湖山，還有殿堂景區、耕織圖景區。重要建築集中在萬壽山南北中軸線上。萬壽山分為前山、後山兩部分，前山自東向西有養雲軒、無盡意軒、介壽堂、排雲殿、清華軒、寶雲閣、共一樓、聽鸝館、畫中游等知名景觀。後山南北中軸線為規模宏大的漢藏風格寺廟殿宇，包括四大部洲、須彌靈境、香岩宗印之閣等等，周圍點綴以數座小型山間園林，有蘇州街、寅輝城關、花承閣、賅春園、繪芳堂等建築。昆明湖中有三座島嶼，分別名為南湖島、藻鑒堂島、治鏡閣島。昆明湖由一條西堤將大湖一分為二，光緒時建立圍牆，修築起了東堤。
頤和園的主要區域可包括六個部分，分別是殿堂景區（是帝後料理朝政和住宿所在）、萬壽山景區、昆明湖景區、耕織圖景區（獨特的農牧色彩）、長廊景區和中軸景區（起於前山雲輝玉宇牌樓，止於後山慈福慧因牌樓）。作為一座知名園林博物館，擁有豐富制式的園林建築和景觀營造手法，涵蓋了中國傳統名著中的亭台樓閣，軒榭台堂。
東宮門：為頤和園的正門。門前有兩隻銅獅，是清漪園遺物。宮門前的雲龍石階是圓明園安佑宮遺物。門額上「頤和園」三字為光緒帝御筆親賜。宮門前有大廣場，南北兩側為朝房，前有大影壁。
仁壽殿：在頤和園東宮門內，是慈禧太后、光緒帝夏天住在頤和園中臨朝聽政，接受恭賀，以及接見王公大臣和外國使節的地方，這裡也曾經是光緒皇帝頒詔實行變法維新的地方。始建於乾隆十五年（1750年）命名為勤政殿，意為不忘勤理政務。咸豐十年（1860年）遭到英法聯軍焚毀，光緒十二年（1886年）慈禧太后重建時，改為現名，意為施仁政者長壽之意，是頤和園聽政區的主要建築。殿為東向，面闊九間，單檐卷棚歇山頂，兩側有南北配殿，前有銅麒麟、壽星石，以及銅龍銅鳳的雕像，排列在仁壽殿外。是皇帝，皇后在舉行朝會大典時會點燃檀香。在中國古代龍就是皇帝的象徵，鳳就是皇后的象徵。按照慣例是龍在上，鳳在下，但是自慈禧太后掌權之後，就將龍，鳳的位置給顛倒變成鳳在上，龍在下，藉此來顯示出慈禧太后的權威。殿外懸掛著「大圓寶鏡」的匾額，意為當政者的智慧如同大圓寶鏡一樣，能夠洞察一切。殿內則是高懸著「壽協仁符」的金字匾額，意為仁與壽君子兼而有之。正殿內設置慈禧太后，光緒帝召見王公大臣時的寶座，寶座是用上等的紫檀木雕刻而成，椅背上刻有九條金龍，寶座的旁邊設有掌扇，鼎爐，鶴燈。東為仁壽門。殿北有水井「延年井」，殿後為巨大的獅子林假山，仿蘇州獅子林，堆山所用的劍石、石筍為圓明園正大光明殿後假山遺物。
玉瀾堂：在仁壽殿西，始建於乾隆十五年（1750年），咸豐十年（1860年），光緒十八年（1892年）重建，成為皇帝在頤和園中處理政務和居住的地方。正殿即玉瀾堂，堂名是取自晉代詩人陸機的詩句「玉泉甬微瀾」當中的「玉」和「瀾」二字合併而成。內設有御案寶座。原為一四通八達的穿牆殿，光緒皇帝曾經被慈禧太后囚禁於此，因此殿北的後門用磚牆砌死。前院東配殿名霞芬室，西配殿為藕香榭，兩殿的門內亦可見圈禁光緒帝的圍牆，是一處重要的歷史遺蹟。正殿地磚上原有坑窪洞痕，為光緒帝被囚禁時用手杖擊地發泄而成。玉瀾堂西側另有夕佳樓，樓西為鄰水過道，蜿蜒曲折，稱為「九道灣」。
宜芸館：在玉瀾堂北面，乾隆時是藏書之所，光緒年間改建為光緒皇帝的皇后隆裕的居所。院門為垂花門，稱宜芸門，門內側牆壁上有10塊石刻，是乾隆帝摹寫的名家法帖，原藏於惠山園內，重建時移此。正殿為宜芸館，東配房稱道存齋，西配房稱近西軒，均沿用乾隆時舊名。戊戌政變後，玉瀾堂與宜芸館之間的通道也被磚牆切斷。宜芸館北門有飛閣復道通至德和園戲台。
德和園大戲樓：頤和園中看戲的地方，原為乾隆時期的怡春堂。樓高21米，三層，結構與圓明園同樂園清音閣和避暑山莊清音閣相同（與紫禁城暢音閣不同的地方在於其外形是卷棚頂，且覆灰瓦），是清朝最大的戲樓之一，三層舞台間有天地井相通，南部有兩層的扮戲樓，北部為看戲用的頤樂殿。德和園之東為「東八所」（壽膳房、壽茶房、壽藥房）、養花廠和武備院等服務性院落，現被隔出頤和園，改為頤和安縵酒店。
樂壽堂：是慈禧太后在頤和園中居住的地方，始建於乾隆十五年（1750年），咸豐十年（1860年）遭到英法聯軍燒毀，光緒十三年（1887年）重建。門外有水木自親碼頭，有牌坊，是清宮中最早安裝電燈的地方之一。院子分為三路，中路樂壽堂為慈禧太后的居所，中部為起居空間，裡面設有用上等木材紫檀木雕刻而成的「御案寶座」後面放著十五折的玻璃屏風，兩側設有羽毛掌扇，羽毛掌扇不但裝飾精美，也可以顯示出慈禧太后的威儀。西間為寢宮，東間為更衣室。堂前陳列銅鹿、銅鶴、寶瓶，取「六合太平」諧音。寢宮內的文物有用珍珠、瑪瑙、翡翠製成的花籃，用金銀和各種寶石鑲嵌的四季花卉壁畫等。樂壽堂前有明代米萬鍾遺留的「青芝岫」巨石，院中栽培玉蘭、海棠、牡丹，取「玉堂富貴」之意。後院原有乾隆時期遺留之古玉蘭樹，2005年枯死移除。東跨院後半部稱「永壽堂」，為太監總管李蓮英住所。西跨院北部有假山，以及坐落於山上的扇面殿「揚仁風」。揚仁風院落西南角即長廊入口。
長廊：東起樂壽堂西院，西至石丈亭。長廊長達728米，共273間，其間點綴以留佳、寄瀾、秋水、清遙四座亭子，以及魚藻軒、對鷗舫兩座對稱的點景建築。長廊背山面水，平面呈展翅蝙蝠形狀（取福字諧音），不僅把各處景點有機地串聯起來，本身也是頤和園中一處最有名的景觀，長廊上有西遊記、三國演義、紅樓夢、西湖風景、二十四孝、中國古代詩歌和神話故事（如張敞畫眉、牛郎織女、張良納履等）、山水花鳥等圖畫，共計一萬七千餘幅。
排雲殿：在萬壽山前山中部的建築中軸線上，原址為大報恩延壽寺，1892年重修，是慈禧太后做壽時接受賀拜、舉行慶典的地方。「排雲」二字出自晉朝人郭璞「神仙排雲出，但見金銀台」的詩句。排雲殿正門為排雲門，門前有雲輝玉宇牌坊，兩側有十二屬相石。排雲門和二宮門之間有方形的蓮池，池上架金水橋，兩門內分別有紫霄、玉華、芳輝、雲錦四座配殿。排雲殿正殿為頤和園內等級最高的建築，建在九級漢白玉台基上，七間五進，重檐歇山頂，黃琉璃瓦，左右兩側有耳殿，各殿之間有復道相連，橫列共計二十一間。排雲殿之後為德輝殿，再後為高42米的石砌高台，沿台前八字樓梯「朝真磴」可向上通往佛香閣。排雲殿東為介壽堂，西為清華軒，清朝時均為命婦退居之所，現被頤和園作為別墅出租，不對遊人開放。介壽堂內有連理柏和紫玉蘭各一株，頗為名貴。
佛香閣：位於萬壽山前山正中位置，為鐵力木修建的八角形三層樓閣，高41米，上覆綠剪邊黃琉璃瓦，是頤和園內體量最大的建築。閣內供奉接引佛，每月朔望，慈禧太后在此燒香禮佛。佛香閣原為九層佛塔延壽塔，修築到第八層時乾隆帝下令拆毀，仿武昌黃鶴樓改建閣樓。
智慧海：位於萬壽山山巔，為無梁佛殿，全部為五色琉璃磚砌成，色彩絢麗，圖案精美，壁面嵌有1000多尊佛像。外牆下半部琉璃磚上的佛像頭部在文化大革命中被悉數鑿毀。殿內觀音像為乾隆時所造。殿前有琉璃牌坊，其上石額構成「眾香界」、「祗樹林」、「智慧海」、「吉祥雲」四句偈語。
萬壽山昆明湖碑：在排雲殿之東，碑上有乾隆御書「萬壽山昆明湖」六字，碑後是乾隆所撰《昆明湖記》，講述修建清漪園的理由。碑左右各有一座亭子，亭內有「轉輪藏」木塔，塔中有軸，推之使其轉動。此處仿杭州法雲寺藏經閣而建，不對遊客開放。
寶雲閣：在排雲殿之西。又稱「銅亭」。建於乾隆20年（1755年），高7.55米，重41.4萬斤，蟹青冷古銅色仿木結構，樑柱、椽瓦、斗拱、門窗、對聯全部用銅鑄成。門窗原被八國聯軍掠走，在1980年代由海外華人購得，捐給頤和園。
石舫：清晏舫，原名石舫。是一半入水的兩層石舫，長96米，上原有中式艙樓，1860年被焚，光緒重建時改為木製仿西洋大理石艙樓，並在石舫兩側加造明輪。石舫西北為小島，島上原有西所買賣街，兩岸仿揚州瘦西湖景色。
聽鸝館：在萬壽山前山西部。內有兩層戲樓一座，在修建德和園大戲樓前，這裡是慈禧太后聽戲的主要場所。館內古柏參天，館外有杏樹和翠竹。聽鸝館現為聽鸝館飯莊，經營仿清宮廷菜餚，內設貴壽廳、福壽廳、壽膳廳等十個餐廳。
畫中游：在萬壽山西部，依山而建，中為八角形兩層樓閣，東西為兩樓兩亭，東樓名「借秋」，西樓名「愛山」。各建築間有爬山遊廊和石洞相通，錯綜複雜，猶如迷宮。站在亭上四周環顧，有置身於畫中之感。
前山東部：有景福閣、自在莊、含新亭、養雲軒、意遲雲在、千峰彩翠、無盡意軒、寫秋軒、國花台等點景建築。無盡意軒和自在莊清朝為命婦退息之所。景福閣為慈禧太后觀賞雨景、月景之地。
前山西部：有邵窩殿、雲松巢、湖山真意、山色湖光共一樓、石丈亭等點景建築。邵窩殿之名取南北朝時宋朝邵康「安樂窩」典故，雲松巢取李白「吾將此地巢雲松」詩句，兩殿現均為頤和園工作人員休息處。
長廊西端，石丈亭北有一組院落，稱「西四廳」，戊戌變法失敗後，慈禧太后移居頤和園時將珍妃囚禁於此。西四廳西北有貝闕，又稱宿雲檐，乾隆時是清漪園的西門，上供關帝銀像。貝闕向北有並列的石橋兩座，東橋低平，西橋為拱橋。清漪園時期園牆從兩橋中間穿過，西橋在園外，東橋在園內。
後山
蘇州街：又稱買賣街。乾隆二十七年壬午（1762年），乾隆帝下江南，到蘇州遊歷唐代白居易修建的七里山塘，回京後在頤和園後湖仿照七里山塘的模樣修建了蘇州街。1860年被英法聯軍焚毀，光緒時期重建頤和園時未修復，1988年復建。
諧趣園：位於頤和園東北角。此園是乾隆於乾隆十六年（1751年——下江南時，看了無錫惠山腳下的寄暢園，仿其意而建，自然保有江南園林之美。諧趣園原名惠山園，1811年曾經改建並改為現名，為萬壽山東麓的園中園。這座園有「到門唯見水，入室盡疑舟」之美譽。園內水多橋多，最著名的橋是知魚橋。此橋橋身低平，貼近水面，能讓遊客觀賞魚群在水中來回穿行。橋坊上有乾隆皇帝命題的詩句。諧趣園的北部是正殿涵遠堂，此堂原為慈禧太后在此水池釣魚時休息之用，殿內裝飾精美雅緻，在頤和園里可說是上乘之作。另外，環繞水池的遊廊是一條景色多變的的遊覽路線，隨著每一轉折，必有新的景色出現在眼前。
四大部洲：位於後山中部中軸線上，仿照西藏扎囊縣的著名古寺桑耶寺，為漢藏風格的宗教建築群，居中為漢式建築香嚴宗印之閣，內供藥師、如來、阿彌陀三尊佛像，香嚴宗印之閣四周環繞藏式的四大部洲殿、八小部洲殿、日殿、月殿、四色塔。承德避暑山莊外八廟中的普寧寺布局與此相似。香嚴宗印之閣下原為須彌靈境殿，1860年被焚毀，未修復。須彌靈境殿前為松堂，是一座長方形廣場。
花承閣琉璃塔：位於後山東部，原為半圓形高台建築，1860年被焚毀，現存琉璃塔一座，太湖石及漢白玉浮雕海獸台基一座，以及柱礎、石階遺蹟。琉璃塔下部的佛像頭部被紅衛兵鑿除。
賅春園遺址：位於後山西部，為乾隆時修建的一處小型園林，園內最大建築為清可軒，是乾隆帝的書房，依崖而建，以石崖為其南牆。西隔桃花溝為丁香院，院南山崖上有香雲窟石洞，洞內有乾隆題詩和石座，洞西有十八羅漢摩崖石刻。賅春園1860年被焚毀，僅存園門一座，但台階、殿基和部分圍牆保存完好。
綺望軒遺址：位於後山西部山腳下，後湖旁。為乾隆時修建的一處小型園林，構造巧妙，地面隱蔽處有山洞，向下可直通湖邊石岸碼頭。

六榕寺位於廣東省廣州市越秀區的六榕路，為一座佛教寺廟，至今已有1460多年歷史，內有六榕花塔，廣州四大叢林（六榕、光孝、華林、海幢）之一，六榕寺為廣州佛教聖地，亦為廣州旅遊景點及名勝古蹟之一。大門上有一副對聯「一塔有碑留博士，六榕無樹記東坡」，為民國初年順德文人岑學侶撰寫，聯中「博士」指的是王勃，「東坡」指的是蘇軾，以紀念他們對六榕寺的貢獻。南北朝時期，梁武帝蕭衍派他的母舅沙門曇裕大智法師到真臘（今柬埔寨）求得佛舍利帶回廣州後，便命令廣州刺史蕭譽建造了這座寺和塔，當時分別稱寶莊嚴寺和舍利塔。相傳唐上元二年（675年），初唐四傑之一的王勃來到廣州，應寶莊嚴寺主持之邀，揮毫寫下了《廣州寶莊嚴寺舍利塔記》。到唐朝高宗時重修。五代南漢時改為長壽寺，每逢上元節、中秋節，人們都蜂擁到寺裡，點燈祈求豐年。到宋太宗時再重修，改名淨慧寺。後毀於火災，塔亦被毀。宋哲宗年間，廣州人林修，在原塔基下重建千佛塔，並將佛舍利埋於塔下。北宋元符三年（1110年），蘇軾被貶嶺南時，從海南北歸，路經廣州，時淨慧寺僧人慕東坡之名，力邀其為寺題字。蘇東坡見寺內有六棵枝葉繁盛的古榕，便欣然提筆寫下「六榕」二字，字為楷體，遒麗奇雅，厚重雍容。明成祖永樂九年（1411年）改名為六榕寺。蘇軾所題匾額，今天仍高懸於寺門上。，廣州人俗稱千佛塔為花塔，塔基是用花崗岩石砌築的九井環基，塔頂有元代至正十八年(1358年)鑄造的千佛大銅柱，連上面的九霄盤、寶珠及下垂的鐵練總重達5000公斤。六榕塔是仿樓閣式的穿壁繞平座結構的磚木塔，塔高57.6米，是嶺南地區現存最高的宋代古塔。從北宋重修到現在已有900年的歷史，中間又經過多次重修，直到明朝嘉靖二十八年由住持德隱進行了一次大修，花塔的面貌，基本上與今天一樣。清光緒元年(西元1875年)，寺塔修葺，主體仍照宋代舊貌。巡撫張兆棟見到蘇東坡墨寶，甚覺可貴，就拓“六榕”之字制匾懸於寺前，正式改淨慧寺為六榕寺並沿襲至今。修葺六榕寺時，各層琉璃瓦簷改為清代樣式，塔內朱欄碧瓦，丹柱粉牆，遙望猶如沖霄花柱。元宵、中秋之夜，民眾懸花燈塔上，絢麗異常，故六榕塔又稱“花塔”。史載，至1913年時，六榕寺內的六株榕樹尚存2株。為紀念蘇東坡，時任六榕寺主持鐵禪和尚辟院內六祖堂前補植榕樹4株，並築建了一座亭子名為“補榕亭”。六榕寺位於廣州老城區中心一方淨土，古老的榕樹帶有特有的意境，實屬美景。在榕樹下，有一尊白色玉石所鑄的蘇東坡塑像。蘇東坡站在刻有“六榕”二字的褐紅石基上，目光炯炯，手持木杖，腳踏木屐，背掛竹笠，衣袂飄然。這就是那個歷經艱辛而依然保有詩意人生態度的蘇東坡。近千年過去，六榕寺歷經風雨，曾幾度被毀，而今猶在，蘇東坡的題字還在，流芳千古。六榕寺還留有“初唐四傑”王勃所寫的《廣州寶莊嚴寺舍利塔碑》。這是中國文學史上至今已知篇幅最長、內容包羅最廣的寶塔銘文，足足有3000餘字。

廈門中山路始建於1925年，位於廈門島西南部。中山路是廈門街市馬路“四縱七橫”中的“七橫”之一，自開街以來，一直是廈門的商業龍頭、經濟中心。中山路是廈門目前保留較完整的展現近代歷史風貌的舊城街區，擁有小走馬路、陳化成故居、中華第一聖堂等眾多人文古跡。中山路也是目前全國唯一一條直通大海的商業街，成片的南洋騎樓建築、流光溢彩的LED夜景、琳琅滿目的各色閩台特色小吃和迴響在小巷街坊間的古老南音，構成其與眾不同的風格特色。中山路現有省級文物保護單位3處，市級文物保護單位5處，市級涉台文物古跡1處，歷史遺址、古跡10餘處，還有南音等非物質文化遺產。2012年6月，廈門中山路榮獲“中國歷史文化名街”的稱號。
六大特色:
中山路保存下來的騎樓街道歷史文化遺址和閩南街市風情，見證了廈門城市歷史發展的過程，留存了城市寶貴的文化記憶。如今的中山路，經過近百年來的培育和打造，已經成為一條歷史積澱深厚、經營品類齊全、名店名品雲集、人流物流集中的歷史文化名街。
（一）文化優勢：廈門城牆，新街禮拜堂，江夏堂……中山路片區保留了眾多的文物古跡，孕育了眾多的廈門文化名人，堪稱廈門的文脈。這裡還有著名民族英雄陳化成、著名書法家歐陽楨、詩人虞愚、著名書法金石家呂世宜等名人的故居；著名的民盟早期領導人李公樸和作家郁達夫下榻過的天仙旅社；中國科學院前院長盧嘉錫的童年，也是在這裡度過的。中山路不但有豐富的文物古跡，而且有著豐富的非物質文化遺產。南音、歌仔戲、中秋博餅等在中山路都有著悠久不斷的傳承。
（二）建築優勢：騎樓建築盡顯南洋風情,中山路主要由華僑投資興建，並由成片的騎樓組成，兩旁帶著濃郁南洋風情的騎樓建築映襯著中山路“南洋風情商業街”的雅號。位於中山路輪渡路口的華僑銀行，是當年廈門人與南洋華僑之間血脈緊緊相連的歷史見證。南洋風情的騎樓，加上了閩南傳統的綠琉璃門樓屋頂，騎樓的門柱上又加上富有中國特色的廻雲紋裝飾，為中山路騎樓添上了中國氣派和閩南色彩。中西合璧，開放包容，有人說這就是中山路最具特色的歷史文化風貌。
（三）對台優勢：台商紛紛開店經營,位於海峽西岸的中山路，與臺灣僅一海之隔，聯繫甚密，淵源深厚，有“中國閩台風情第一街”之稱。福建、臺灣的各行業眾多品牌在這裡彙集；眾多的閩商、台商在此開店、經營，並經常舉辦與臺灣有關的臺灣特色商品展、鄭成功文化節風俗展演和歌仔戲、南音等具閩台特色的各項活動，是對台商貿、文化交流的重要視窗之一。中山路上有古城東路“閩台特色食品街”。3月18日，位於古城東路的“老台南劍獅美食文化園”也正式對外開放，廈門市民能在此零距離感受台南獨特的地方文化。
（四）交通優勢：地處市中心交通便捷,中山路地處廈門城市中心，在早期，中山路更是廈門城市的代表，當時的廈門就是指中山路周圍。中山路與“海上花園”鼓浪嶼遙遙相對，緊鄰廈門城市快速幹道—環島路、成功大道，緊挨碼頭、長途汽車站，就是到到最遠的機場也不足30分鐘。
（五）環境優勢：商業街直通大海,中山路是一條直通大海的商業街。走在街上，便有陣陣海風吹來，讓人感覺愜意無比。閒暇之餘，你還可走到街盡頭的海邊，遙望“海上花園”鼓浪嶼，聽濤聲浪曲，觀千帆飛渡、萬舸迸發。全國首創，廣告採用統一板材和底框，以歐式的鐵藝雕花來突出騎樓的優美，實施LED夜景工程，使藝術照明與建築景觀融於一體……近年來中山路的兩次大規模改造，既有效地保持了原有商業街的建築風貌、歷史印跡，又進一步突出了廈門的本土文化、南洋文化和閩台文化，提升整體景觀的內涵與品位，使中山路成為廈門的一大遊覽勝地，成為市民休閒的好去處。
（六）品牌優勢：老字型大小特產成“金字招牌”
中山路著力找准文化與商貿產業發展的契合點，不斷提升文化內涵、豐富文化業態，形成高、中、低端業態有機搭配，國際名品、老字型大小品牌主導的特色商業街區。在短短1200米的中山路上彙集了200多種國際一、二線知名品牌。眾多國內知名品牌，也是巧借中山路的人氣和影響力，在此設旗艦店，作為其品牌宣傳的排頭兵。中山路更是本土品牌的集散地，金鷺首飾、光華藥店、好清香大酒樓、黃則和花生湯、佳味再添小吃、葉氏麻糍、大同鴨肉粥等廈門老字型大小本土特產，成為中山路上永不褪色的“金字招牌”。
廈門大學由陳嘉庚於1921年創辦，是中國近代教育史上第一所華僑創辦的大學,是中華人民共和國教育部直屬的綜合性重點大學，由教育部、福建省和廈門市共建，國家「211工程」和「985工程」重點建設的高水準大學，入選「111計劃」、「珠峰計劃」、「卓越工程師教育培養計劃」、「卓越法律人才教育培養計劃」、「卓越醫生教育培養計劃」、國家建設高水準大學公派研究生項目，是全國31所副部級中管高校。同時也被譽為「中國最美麗的大學」，並曾有「東南最高學府」之譽。廈門大學亦為第一間擁有海外分校的中國大學，該分校區位於馬來西亞雪蘭莪。
胡里山炮台位於中國福建省廈門市所屬的廈門島的東南端海濱，是一座建於清光緒二十年（1894年）的古炮台。炮台中存有德國克虜伯兵工廠製造的280毫米海岸炮，為世界現存最大的海岸炮。胡里山炮台於1996年列入第四批全國重點文物保護單位，2000年被編入金氏世界紀錄，2009年被評為中國國家4A級旅遊景區。「胡里炮王」是廈門市政府於1997年評定的廈門名景新二十景之一。胡里山自從明代時就設有炮臺，並派兵駐守。鴉片戰爭期間，廈門島被英軍攻陷，石壁炮臺被毀。現存胡裡山炮台是清朝洋務運動時期的產物，由當時福建水師提督彭楚漢及閩浙總督卞寶第題奏獲准建造。工期兩年八個月，完工時的閩浙總督為楊歧珍。炮臺結構為半地堡半城垣式，兼具歐洲和明清的建築風格，總面積達7萬多平方米，其中城堡面積1.3萬多平方米。炮臺分為戰坪、兵營和後山三個區，內有暗道、護牆、護城壕、彈藥庫、兵房、觀哨台、官廳等。台基由烏樟樹汁和紅糖、糯米、砂土、石灰等攪拌而成，十分堅固。胡裡山炮台選址海島東南端海岬突出部，三面環海，向東可支援距離約4500米的白石炮臺，攔阻敵艦於水道外。南面則和對岸（今漳州龍海）嶼仔尾炮臺隔海相對，交叉封鎖航道。向西則可協助距離約5000米的磐石炮臺，一同追擊廈門港內敵艦。向北也可支援島內陸軍陣營。胡裡山炮台裝備先進，直至民國時期仍在海岸戰爭中處於優勢。最近翻查廠家資料,原來中國先後曾進口十門巨炮,但現存只有胡里山這座。