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Đề Cambridge IELTS 14 Test 2 - passage 2:
BACK TO THE FUTURE OF SKYSCRAPER DESIGN
Answers to the problem of excessive electricity use by skyscrapers and large public buildings can be found in ingenious but forgotten architectural designs of the 19th and early-20th centuries
A. The Recovery of Natural Environments in Architecture by Professor Alan Short is the culmination of 30 years of research and award-winning green building design by Short and colleagues in Architecture, Engineering, Applied Maths and Earth Sciences at the University of Cambridge.
'The crisis in building design is already here,' said Short. 'Policy makers think you can solve energy and building problems with gadgets. You can't. As global temperatures continue to rise, we are going to continue to squander more and more energy on keeping our buildings mechanically cool until we have run out of capacity.'
B. Short is calling for a sweeping reinvention of how skyscrapers and major public buildings are designed - to end the reliance on sealed buildings which exist solely via the 'life support' system of vast air conditioning units.
Instead, he shows it is entirely possible to accommodate natural ventilation and cooling in large buildings by looking into the past, before the widespread introduction of air conditioning systems, which were 'relentlessly and aggressively marketed' by their inventors.
C. Short points out that to make most contemporary buildings habitable, they have to be sealed and air conditioned. The energy use and carbon emissions this generates is spectacular and largely unnecessary. Buildings in the West account for 40-50% of electricity usage, generating substantial carbon emissions, and the rest of the world is catching up at a frightening rate. Short regards glass, steel and air-conditioned skyscrapers as symbols of status, rather than practical ways of meeting our requirements.
D. Short's book highlights a developing and sophisticated art and science of ventilating buildings through the 19th and earlier-20th centuries, including the design of ingeniously ventilated hospitals. Of particular interest were those built to the designs of John Shaw Billings, including the first Johns Hopkins Hospital in the US city of Baltimore (1873-1889).
'We spent three years digitally modelling Billings' final designs,' says Short. 'We put pathogens• in the airstreams, modelled for someone with tuberculosis (TB) coughing in the wards and we found the ventilation systems in the room would have kept other patients safe from harm.
E. 'We discovered that 19th-century hospital wards could generate up to 24 air changes an hour-that's similar to the performance of a modern-day, computer-controlled operating theatre. We believe you could build wards based on these principles now.
Single rooms are not appropriate for all patients. Communal wards appropriate for certain patients - older people with dementia, for example - would work just as well in today's hospitals, at a fraction of the energy cost.'
Professor Short contends the mindset and skill-sets behind these designs have been completely lost, lamenting the disappearance of expertly designed theatres, opera houses, and other buildings where up to half the volume of the building was given over to ensuring everyone got fresh air.
F. Much of the ingenuity present in 19th-century hospital and building design was driven by a panicked public clamouring for buildings that could protect against what was thought to be the lethal threat of miasmas - toxic air that spread disease. Miasmas were feared as the principal agents of disease and epidemics for centuries, and were used to explain the spread of infection from the Middle Ages right through to the cholera outbreaks in London and Paris during the 1850s. Foul air, rather than germs, was believed to be the main driver of 'hospital fever', leading to disease and frequent death. The prosperous steered clear of hospitals.
While miasma theory has been long since disproved, Short has for the last 30 years advocated a return to some of the building design principles produced in its wake.
G. Today, huge amounts of a building's space and construction cost are given over to air conditioning. 'But I have designed and built a series of buildings over the past three decades which have tried to reinvent some of these ideas and then measure what happens. 'To go forward into our new low-energy, low-carbon future, we would be well advised to look back at design before our high-energy, high-carbon present appeared. What is surprising is what a rich legacy we have abandoned.'
H. Successful examples of Short's approach include the Queen's Building at De Montfort University in Leicester. Containing as many as 2,000 staff and students, the entire building is naturally ventilated, passively cooled and naturally lit, including the two largest auditoria, each seating more than 150 people. The award-winning building uses a fraction of the electricity of comparable buildings in the UK.
Short contends that glass skyscrapers in London and around the world will become a liability over the next 20 or 30 years if climate modelling predictions and energy price rises come to pass as expected.
I. He is convinced that sufficiently cooled skyscrapers using the natural environment can be produced in almost any climate. He and his team have worked on hybrid buildings in the harsh climates of Beijing and Chicago - built with natural ventilation assisted by back-up air conditioning - which, surprisingly perhaps, can be switched off more than half the time on milder days and during the spring and autumn.
“My book is a recipe book which looks at the past, how we got to where we are now, and how we might reimagine the cities, offices and homes of the future. There are compelling reasons to do this. The Department of Health says new hospitals should be naturally ventilated, but they are not. Maybe it’s time we changed our outlook.”
TỪ VỰNG CHÚ Ý:
Excessive (adj)/ɪkˈsesɪv/: quá mức
Skyscraper (n)/ˈskaɪskreɪpə(r)/: nhà trọc trời
Ingenious (adj)/ɪnˈdʒiːniəs/: khéo léo
Culmination (n) /ˌkʌlmɪˈneɪʃn/: điểm cao nhất
Crisis (n)/ˈkraɪsɪs/: khủng hoảng
Gadget (n)/ˈɡædʒɪt/: công cụ
Squander (v)/ˈskwɒndə(r)/: lãng phí
Reliance (n)/rɪˈlaɪəns/: sự tín nhiệm
Vast (adj)/vɑːst/: rộng lớn
Accommodate (v)/əˈkɒmədeɪt/: cung cấp
Ventilation (n)/ˌventɪˈleɪʃn/: sự thông gió
Habitable (adj)/ˈhæbɪtəbl/: có thể ở được
Spectacular (adj)/spekˈtækjələ(r)/: ngoạn mục, đẹp mắt
Account for /əˈkaʊnt//fə(r)/ : chiếm
Substantial (adj)/səbˈstænʃl/: đáng kể
Frightening (adj)/ˈfraɪtnɪŋ/: kinh khủng
Sophisticated (adj)/səˈfɪstɪkeɪtɪd/: phức tạp
Pathogen (n)/ˈpæθədʒən/: mầm bệnh
Tuberculosis (n)/tjuːˌbɜːkjuˈləʊsɪs/: bệnh lao
Communal (adj)/kəˈmjuːnl/: công cộng
Dementia (n)/dɪˈmenʃə/: chứng mất trí
Fraction (n)/ˈfrækʃn/: phần nhỏ
Lament (v)/ləˈment/: xót xa
Panicked (adj): hoảng loạn
Lethal (adj)/ˈliːθl/: gây chết người
Threat (n)/θret/: mối nguy
Miasmas (n)/miˈæzmə/: khí độc
Infection (n) /ɪnˈfekt/: sự nhiễm trùng
Cholera (n)/ˈkɒl.ər.ə/: dịch tả
Outbreak (n)/ˈaʊt.breɪk/: sự bùng nổ
Disprove (v)/dɪˈspruːv/: bác bỏ
Advocate (v)/ˈæd.və.keɪt/: ủng hộ
Auditoria (n)/ˌɔːdɪˈtɔːriə/ : thính phòng
Comparable (adj)/ˈkɒm.pər.ə.bəl/: có thể so sánh được
Contend (v) /kənˈtend/: cho rằng
Liability (n)/ˌlaɪ.əˈbɪl.ə.ti/: nghĩa vụ pháp lý
Convince (v) /kənˈvɪns/: Thuyết phục
Assist (v) /əˈsɪst/: để giúp đỡ
Các bạn cùng tham khảo nhé!
global energy capacity 在 ลงทุนแมน Facebook 的精選貼文
กรณีศึกษา คูเวต ประเทศที่ รวยน้ำมัน แต่เงินกำลังจะหมด /โดย ลงทุนแมน
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Continue ReadingKuwait case study. Oil rich country but money is running out / by investman
Kuwait, one country in the Middle East region.
Rich from occupying oil resources for a long time.
But you know, Kuwait is in big trouble today.
Well, the country's reserve funds are running out.
What happened to Kuwait? Invest man will tell you about it.
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Kuwait is an Asian country in the Middle East region.
Which is an abundance of oil resources.
In 2019, Kuwait had a GDP value of 4.3 trillion baht and a population of 4.4 million people.
Make GDP per capita of Kuwait population equal to 977,000 baht.
4 times more than GDP per head of Thai people.
Kuwait has an area of 17,818 square kilometers, which is about 30 times smaller than Thailand.
Despite being the world's 152th small country.
But Kuwait is the world's 6th most crude resource country.
And one of the country members who expired oil (OPEC)
Kuwait has a crude oil reserves up to 101,500 million barrels. This amount is estimated to be 6 % of the world's crude oil reserves.
If crude oil prices are around $ 40 per barrel, Kuwait's crude oil reserves will be worth 128 million baht.
When things are like this, it means
Oil resources are highly important to Kuwait economy.
Year 2019 Kuwait's crude export revenue is worth 1.5 trillion baht.
In which such value is considered.
90 % of Kuwait's total export income
90 % of Kuwait government income
And 35 % of GDP, Kuwait
In 2016
Anas Al-Saleh, Kuwait's finance minister in those days, warns the government to lower the country's expenditure budget to be prepared for a moment when petrol prices will fall in the future.
But his warning is right. Many people laugh at me.
Because most people believe that the country will continue to earn massive oil exports income.
After that, come on
During the 2016-2018 s, crude oil prices continue to adapt.
It's something that makes many people confident that Anas Al-Saleh warnings won't happen.
But then the emergence of the trade war between US and China in 2019 begins to pressure the global oil demand to slow down.
And the incident started worse than that
When the world later, the COVID-19 outbreak begins.
Plague plague making global travel and production drops.
The global oil demand is reduced from the same.
Besides, there's a fuel war between Saudi Arabia and Russia that both of them won't reduce their production capacity. The oil prices are increasingly adapting.
2018 Dubai crude oil prices average $ 70 per barrel
2019 Dubai crude oil prices average $ 64 per barrel
While the first 6 months of 2020, the average Dubai crude price is only $ 41 per barrel.
What happens is income from crude oil exports
90 % of Kuwaiti government income is greatly reduced.
Make the government not enough money to pay for public sector employers.
At present, more than 80 % of Kuwait people, or around 3.5 million people work as government employees.
Make government spend money in country's reserve funds during the 3 months after COVID-19 outbreak. The fund has gone down to over 411,000 million baht.
Which if crude oil prices don't rise from the same.
It will only make Kuwait government pay for public sector employees until November this year.
Enough is like this next year, Kuwait government needs to make a budget deficit.
Which will cause budget deficit to the level of 1.4 trillion baht
Thinking about a deficit, increasing almost 3 times more than the 2019-2020 fiscal year.
And the budget deficit is the 7th year in a row since 2014
What's worrisome is if the government needs to borrow money.
Among lower oil prices, Kuwait may earn enough oil export income to pay back the loan.
Make it now Kuwait has to have a concept of country reform.
Under Vision 2035 slogan: New Kuwait
The point is that it's important to try to reduce oil industry revenue reliance on revenue.
Which is to follow how much Kuwait's long-term plan this time will accomplish.
From this story preview of Kuwait country
It's something to remind us whether it's a country, corporation or individual.
Being too dependent on income in any way is a high risk.
Like this case, Kuwait relies on income from crude oil exports up to 90 % of export income.
If one day the main income drops or disappears.
From a long time ago, I might lose money easily too..
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References
-https://www.pionline.com/economy/oil-rich-kuwait-running-out-cash
-https://oilprice.com/Energy/Energy-General/Kuwait-Is-Running-Out-Of-Money-To-Pay-Public-Salaries.html
-https://www.middleeastmonitor.com/20200820-kuwait-will-not-be-able-to-pay-salaries-after-november/
-https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_and_dependencies_by_area
-https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kuwait
-https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_by_proven_oil_reserves
-https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_by_GDP_(nominal)
-http://www.worldstopexports.com/kuwaits-top-10-exports/
-https://fanack.com/kuwait/economy/
-https://www.eia.gov/dnav/pet/hist/LeafHandler.ashx?n=PET&s=RBRTE&f=M
- Form 56-1 Year 2562, Thai Oil Public Company Limited
-https://www.set.or.th/dat/news/202008/20088082.pdfTranslated
global energy capacity 在 Global Energy Production by Source 1860 - 2019 - YouTube 的推薦與評價
Timeline of global primary energy production, measured in terawatt-hours (TWh) per year. Ranked by source: coal, biofuels, crude oil, ... ... <看更多>