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[PHOTO] A segment of #pomelo is shown at a farm in Hualien County in this undated photo. After adopting new growing techniques, local farmers expect an earlier-than-usual harvest of the fruit, traditionally consumed around the #MidAutumnFestival, which falls on Sept. 21 this year.
https://focustaiwan.tw/photos/20210806ENP0002m
📜 [專欄新文章] Uniswap v3 Features Explained in Depth
✍️ 田少谷 Shao
📥 歡迎投稿： https://medium.com/taipei-ethereum-meetup #徵技術分享文 #使用心得 #教學文 #medium
Once again the game-changing DEX 🦄 👑
Image source: https://uniswap.org/blog/uniswap-v3/
Outline
0. Intro1. Uniswap & AMM recap2. Ticks 3. Concentrated liquidity4. Range orders: reversible limit orders5. Impacts of v36. Conclusion
0. Intro
The announcement of Uniswap v3 is no doubt one of the most exciting news in the DeFi place recently 🔥🔥🔥
While most have talked about the impact v3 can potentially bring on the market, seldom explain the delicate implementation techniques to realize all those amazing features, such as concentrated liquidity, limit-order-like range orders, etc.
Since I’ve covered Uniswap v1 & v2 (if you happen to know Mandarin, here are v1 & v2), there’s no reason for me to not cover v3 as well ✅
Thus, this article aims to guide readers through Uniswap v3, based on their official whitepaper and examples made on the announcement page. However, one needs not to be an engineer, as not many codes are involved, nor a math major, as the math involved is definitely taught in your high school, to fully understand the following content 😊😊😊
If you really make it through but still don’t get shxt, feedbacks are welcomed! 🙏
There should be another article focusing on the codebase, so stay tuned and let’s get started with some background noise!
1. Uniswap & AMM recap
Before diving in, we have to first recap the uniqueness of Uniswap and compare it to traditional order book exchanges.
Uniswap v1 & v2 are a kind of AMMs (automated market marker) that follow the constant product equation x * y = k, with x & y stand for the amount of two tokens X and Y in a pool and k as a constant.
Comparing to order book exchanges, AMMs, such as the previous versions of Uniswap, offer quite a distinct user experience:
AMMs have pricing functions that offer the price for the two tokens, which make their users always price takers, while users of order book exchanges can be both makers or takers.
Uniswap as well as most AMMs have infinite liquidity¹, while order book exchanges don’t. The liquidity of Uniswap v1 & v2 is provided throughout the price range [0,∞]².
Uniswap as well as most AMMs have price slippage³ and it’s due to the pricing function, while there isn’t always price slippage on order book exchanges as long as an order is fulfilled within one tick.
In an order book, each price (whether in green or red) is a tick. Image source: https://ftx.com/trade/BTC-PERP
¹ though the price gets worse over time; AMM of constant sum such as mStable does not have infinite liquidity
² the range is in fact [-∞,∞], while a price in most cases won’t be negative
³ AMM of constant sum does not have price slippage
2. Tick
The whole innovation of Uniswap v3 starts from ticks.
For those unfamiliar with what is a tick:
Source: https://www.investopedia.com/terms/t/tick.asp
By slicing the price range [0,∞] into numerous granular ticks, trading on v3 is highly similar to trading on order book exchanges, with only three differences:
The price range of each tick is predefined by the system instead of being proposed by users.
Trades that happen within a tick still follows the pricing function of the AMM, while the equation has to be updated once the price crosses the tick.
Orders can be executed with any price within the price range, instead of being fulfilled at the same one price on order book exchanges.
With the tick design, Uniswap v3 possesses most of the merits of both AMM and an order book exchange! 💯💯💯
So, how is the price range of a tick decided?
This question is actually somewhat related to the tick explanation above: the minimum tick size for stocks trading above 1$ is one cent.
The underlying meaning of a tick size traditionally being one cent is that one cent (1% of 1$) is the basis point of price changes between ticks, ex: 1.02 — 1.01 = 0.1.
Uniswap v3 employs a similar idea: compared to the previous/next price, the price change should always be 0.01% = 1 basis point.
However, notice the difference is that in the traditional basis point, the price change is defined with subtraction, while here in Uniswap it’s division.
This is how price ranges of ticks are decided⁴:
Image source: https://uniswap.org/whitepaper-v3.pdf
With the above equation, the tick/price range can be recorded in the index form [i, i+1], instead of some crazy numbers such as 1.0001¹⁰⁰ = 1.0100496621.
As each price is the multiplication of 1.0001 of the previous price, the price change is always 1.0001 — 1 = 0.0001 = 0.01%.
For example, when i=1, p(1) = 1.0001; when i=2, p(2) = 1.00020001.
p(2) / p(1) = 1.00020001 / 1.0001 = 1.0001
See the connection between the traditional basis point 1 cent (=1% of 1$) and Uniswap v3’s basis point 0.01%?
Image source: https://tenor.com/view/coin-master-cool-gif-19748052
But sir, are prices really granular enough? There are many shitcoins with prices less than 0.000001$. Will such prices be covered as well?
Price range: max & min
To know if an extremely small price is covered or not, we have to figure out the max & min price range of v3 by looking into the spec: there is a int24 tick state variable in UniswapV3Pool.sol.
Image source: https://uniswap.org/whitepaper-v3.pdf
The reason for a signed integer int instead of an uint is that negative power represents prices less than 1 but greater than 0.
24 bits can cover the range between 1.0001 ^ (2²³ — 1) and 1.0001 ^ -(2)²³. Even Google cannot calculate such numbers, so allow me to offer smaller values to have a rough idea of the whole price range:
1.0001 ^ (2¹⁸) = 242,214,459,604.341
1.0001 ^ -(2¹⁷) = 0.000002031888943
I think it’s safe to say that with a int24 the range can cover > 99.99% of the prices of all assets in the universe 👌
⁴ For implementation concern, however, a square root is added to both sides of the equation.
How about finding out which tick does a price belong to?
Tick index from price
The answer to this question is rather easy, as we know that p(i) = 1.0001^i, simply takes a log with base 1.0001 on both sides of the equation⁴:
Image source: https://www.codecogs.com/latex/eqneditor.php
Let’s try this out, say we wanna find out the tick index of 1000000.
Image source: https://ncalculators.com/number-conversion/log-logarithm-calculator.htm
Now, 1.0001¹³⁸¹⁶² = 999,998.678087146. Voila!
⁵ This formula is also slightly modified to fit the real implementation usage.
3. Concentrated liquidity
Now that we know how ticks and price ranges are decided, let’s talk about how orders are executed in a tick, what is concentrated liquidity and how it enables v3 to compete with stablecoin-specialized DEXs (decentralized exchange), such as Curve, by improving the capital efficiency.
Concentrated liquidity means LPs (liquidity providers) can provide liquidity to any price range/tick at their wish, which causes the liquidity to be imbalanced in ticks.
As each tick has a different liquidity depth, the corresponding pricing function x * y = k also won’t be the same!
Each tick has its own liquidity depth. Image source: https://uniswap.org/blog/uniswap-v3/
Mmm… examples are always helpful for abstract descriptions 😂
Say the original pricing function is 100(x) * 1000(y) = 100000(k), with the price of X token 1000 / 100 = 10 and we’re now in the price range [9.08, 11.08].
If the liquidity of the price range [11.08, 13.08] is the same as [9.08, 11.08], we don’t have to modify the pricing function if the price goes from 10 to 11.08, which is the boundary between two ticks.
The price of X is 1052.63 / 95 = 11.08 when the equation is 1052.63 * 95 = 100000.
However, if the liquidity of the price range [11.08, 13.08] is two times that of the current range [9.08, 11.08], balances of x and y should be doubled, which makes the equation become 2105.26 * 220 = 400000, which is (1052.63 * 2) * (110 * 2) = (100000 * 2 * 2).
We can observe the following two points from the above example:
Trades always follow the pricing function x * y = k, while once the price crosses the current price range/tick, the liquidity/equation has to be updated.
√(x * y) = √k = L is how we represent the liquidity, as I say the liquidity of x * y = 400000 is two times the liquidity of x * y = 100000, as √(400000 / 100000) = 2.
What’s more, compared to liquidity on v1 & v2 is always spread across [0,∞], liquidity on v3 can be concentrated within certain price ranges and thus results in higher capital efficiency from traders’ swapping fees!
Let’s say if I provide liquidity in the range [1200, 2800], the capital efficiency will then be 4.24x higher than v2 with the range [0,∞] 😮😮😮 There’s a capital efficiency comparison calculator, make sure to try it out!
Image source: https://uniswap.org/blog/uniswap-v3/
It’s worth noticing that the concept of concentrated liquidity was proposed and already implemented by Kyper, prior to Uniswap, which is called Automated Price Reserve in their case.⁵
⁶ Thanks to Yenwen Feng for the information.
4. Range orders: reversible limit orders
As explained in the above section, LPs of v3 can provide liquidity to any price range/tick at their wish. Depending on the current price and the targeted price range, there are three scenarios:
current price < the targeted price range
current price > the targeted price range
current price belongs to the targeted price range
The first two scenarios are called range orders. They have unique characteristics and are essentially fee-earning reversible limit orders, which will be explained later.
The last case is the exact same liquidity providing mechanism as the previous versions: LPs provide liquidity in both tokens of the same value (= amount * price).
There’s also an identical product to the case: grid trading, a very powerful investment tool for a time of consolidation. Dunno what’s grid trading? Check out Binance’s explanation on this, as this topic won’t be covered!
In fact, LPs of Uniswap v1 & v2 are grid trading with a range of [0,∞] and the entry price as the baseline.
Range orders
To understand range orders, we’d have to first revisit how price is discovered on Uniswap with the equation x * y = k, for x & y stand for the amount of two tokens X and Y and k as a constant.
The price of X compared to Y is y / x, which means how many Y one can get for 1 unit of X, and vice versa the price of Y compared to X is x / y.
For the price of X to go up, y has to increase and x decrease.
With this pricing mechanism in mind, it’s example time!
Say an LP plans to place liquidity in the price range [15.625, 17.313], higher than the current price of X 10, when 100(x) * 1000(y) = 100000(k).
The price of X is 1250 / 80 = 15.625 when the equation is 80 * 1250 = 100000.
The price of X is 1315.789 / 76 = 17.313 when the equation is 76 * 1315.789 = 100000.
If now the price of X reaches 15.625, the only way for the price of X to go even higher is to further increase y and decrease x, which means exchanging a certain amount of X for Y.
Thus, to provide liquidity in the range [15.625, 17.313], an LP needs only to prepare 80 — 76 = 4 of X. If the price exceeds 17.313, all 4 X of the LP is swapped into 1315.789 — 1250 = 65.798 Y, and then the LP has nothing more to do with the pool, as his/her liquidity is drained.
What if the price stays in the range? It’s exactly what LPs would love to see, as they can earn swapping fees for all transactions in the range! Also, the balance of X will swing between [76, 80] and the balance of Y between [1250, 1315.789].
This might not be obvious, but the example above shows an interesting insight: if the liquidity of one token is provided, only when the token becomes more valuable will it be exchanged for the less valuable one.
…wut? 🤔
Remember that if 4 X is provided within [15.625, 17.313], only when the price of X goes up from 15.625 to 17.313 is 4 X gradually swapped into Y, the less valuable one!
What if the price of X drops back immediately after reaching 17.313? As X becomes less valuable, others are going to exchange Y for X.
The below image illustrates the scenario of DAI/USDC pair with a price range of [1.001, 1.002] well: the pool is always composed entirely of one token on both sides of the tick, while in the middle 1.001499⁶ is of both tokens.
Image source: https://uniswap.org/blog/uniswap-v3/
Similarly, to provide liquidity in a price range < current price, an LP has to prepare a certain amount of Y for others to exchange Y for X within the range.
To wrap up such an interesting feature, we know that:
Only one token is required for range orders.
Only when the current price is within the range of the range order can LP earn trading fees. This is the main reason why most people believe LPs of v3 have to monitor the price more actively to maximize their income, which also means that LPs of v3 have become arbitrageurs 🤯
I will be discussing more the impacts of v3 in 5. Impacts of v3.
⁷ 1.001499988 = √(1.0001 * 1.0002) is the geometric mean of 1.0001 and 1.0002. The implication is that the geometric mean of two prices is the average execution price within the range of the two prices.
Reversible limit orders
As the example in the last section demonstrates, if there is 4 X in range [15.625, 17.313], the 4 X will be completely converted into 65.798 Y when the price goes over 17.313.
We all know that a price can stay in a wide range such as [10, 11] for quite some time, while it’s unlikely so in a narrow range such as [15.625, 15.626].
Thus, if an LP provides liquidity in [15.625, 15.626], we can expect that once the price of X goes over 15.625 and immediately also 15.626, and does not drop back, all X are then forever converted into Y.
The concept of having a targeted price and the order will be executed after the price is crossed is exactly the concept of limit orders! The only difference is that if the range of a range order is not narrow enough, it’s highly possible that the conversion of tokens will be reverted once the price falls back to the range.
As price ranges follow the equation p(i) = 1.0001 ^ i, the range can be quite narrow and a range order can thus effectively serve as a limit order:
When i = 27490, 1.0001²⁷⁴⁹⁰ = 15.6248.⁸
When i = 27491, 1.0001²⁷⁴⁹¹ = 15.6264.⁸
A range of 0.0016 is not THAT narrow but can certainly satisfy most limit order use cases!
⁸ As mentioned previously in note #4, there is a square root in the equation of the price and index, thus the numbers here are for explantion only.
5. Impacts of v3
Higher capital efficiency, LPs become arbitrageurs… as v3 has made tons of radical changes, I’d like to summarize my personal takes of the impacts of v3:
Higher capital efficiency makes one of the most frequently considered indices in DeFi: TVL, total value locked, becomes less meaningful, as 1$ on Uniswap v3 might have the same effect as 100$ or even 2000$ on v2.
The ease of spot exchanging between spot exchanges used to be a huge advantage of spot markets over derivative markets. As LPs will take up the role of arbitrageurs and arbitraging is more likely to happen on v3 itself other than between DEXs, this gap is narrowed … to what extent? No idea though.
LP strategies and the aggregation of NFT of Uniswap v3 liquidity token are becoming the blue ocean for new DeFi startups: see Visor and Lixir. In fact, this might be the turning point for both DeFi and NFT: the two main reasons of blockchain going mainstream now come to the alignment of interest: solving the $$ problem 😏😏😏
In the right venue, which means a place where transaction fees are low enough, such as Optimism, we might see Algo trading firms coming in to share the market of designing LP strategies on Uniswap v3, as I believe Algo trading is way stronger than on-chain strategies or DAO voting to add liquidity that sort of thing.
After reading this article by Parsec.finance: The Dex to Rule Them All, I cannot help but wonder: maybe there is going to be centralized crypto exchanges adopting v3’s approach. The reason is that since orders of LPs in the same tick are executed pro-rata, the endless front-running speeding-competition issue in the Algo trading world, to some degree, is… solved? 🤔
Anyway, personal opinions can be biased and seriously wrong 🙈 I’m merely throwing out a sprat to catch a whale. Having a different voice? Leave your comment down below!
6. Conclusion
That was kinda tough, isn’t it? Glad you make it through here 🥂🥂🥂
There are actually many more details and also a huge section of Oracle yet to be covered. However, since this article is more about features and targeting normal DeFi users, I’ll leave those to the next one; hope there is one 😅
If you have any doubt or find any mistake, please feel free to reach out to me and I’d try to reply AFAP!
Stay tuned and in the meantime let’s wait and see how Uniswap v3 is again pioneering the innovation of DeFi 🌟
Uniswap v3 Features Explained in Depth was originally published in Taipei Ethereum Meetup on Medium, where people are continuing the conversation by highlighting and responding to this story.
👏 歡迎轉載分享鼓掌
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So after years of loving doggies we finally got around to adopting a puppy! We originally really wanted either a standard schnauzer or a labrador retriever but as we looked at doggies more we realized just how many doggies are abandoned and left in the wild and decided that we should definitely adopt instead!
Meet Rocky! A 5 week old mixed puppy rescued by HKPAWS in Hong Kong. Rocky was found in the wild with his siblings when he was just 3 days old! Luckily it was towards the end of the Summer in September and cooler out otherwise the pups might not have made it as their eyes and ears weren't open yet and they were rather helpless.
After a few weeks of being rescued Rocky and his siblings grew into adorable and strong little pups and we loved him right when we saw him! While we originally went to meet Rocky's brother, the Lady who ran the Shelter immediately recommended Hunter ( Rocky's original name) to us after finding out that we were athletes and would love a high energy dog!
As a rescue pup Rocky took a while to learn to trust us, but we made sure he was always comfortable and gave him lots of love and attention. He definitely opened up to us over the next few weeks and we began our adventures together!
Here is the first day where it all begins!
Vigilante Fitness Couple Adopts a Puppy. Rocky ( named after Rocky Balboa), from abandoned pup to future champion!
有名家系チェーン店の家系ラーメン、また伺いました！今回は2020年4月にオープンしたばかりの湘南・由比ヶ浜にある『横浜家系ラーメン町田商店由比ヶ浜店』で家系ラーメンを食べてきました！「町田商店」は2008年に町田からスタートした家系ラーメン店です。創業者の田川翔社長は高校卒業後に家系ラーメン店で６年間修行して「町田商店」を開業しました。店舗でガラ炊きをするのではなくPB商品で提供する、いわゆるセントラルキッチン式を積極的に取り入れていることでも有名なお店です。立地や客層など様々なターゲットを視野に入れた幅広いお店作りによって、今や全国に50店舗を超える直営店があります。クリーミーで塩気の強い味のスープ、加水率低めでスープをしっかり持ち上げる中太麺が特徴。脂っこさやジャンク性は高く、今回伺ったお店は鎌倉から近いという立地もあって、さらに若い層を中心に繁盛していました！町田商店はお店によって違いがあるのか、なども検証しています。さあそれでは、実際に食べていきましょう！
＊撮影に際しては、お店の方や周りのお客様に充分配慮して撮影をおこなっています。
Mako visited the Iekei-ramen of a famous family chain store again! This time He ate Iekei-ramen at "Yokohama Iekei-Ramen Machida Shoten Yuigahama Store" in Yuigahama, Shonan! "Machida Shoten" is a Iekei-ramen store that started in Machida in 2008. The founder, President Sho Sho Tagawa, opened a "Machida Shoten" after six years of training at a Iekei-ramen shop after graduating from high school. It is also famous for actively adopting the so-called central kitchen type, which offers PB products instead of cooking gala at the store. With the creation of a wide range of stores with a view to various targets such as location and customer base, there are now more than 50 directly managed stores nationwide. It features creamy, salty soup and medium-thick noodles that lift the soup well with a low water content. It has high greasiness and junkiness, and the shop he visited this time was close to Kamakura, so it was flourishing mainly among younger people! We also verify whether Machida Shoten has different stores. Now let's eat it!
*When shooting, we give due consideration to the shops and customers around us.
いつもありがとうございます！( ´ ▽ ` )
高評価＆チャンネル登録もよろしくお願いいたします！
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【フラメンコロイド のサブチャンネルもよろしくお願いします！】
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フラメンコロイド
https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCsFJHNg3SR41R2a3vctUInw
—————《本日の店舗情報》—————————————————
『横浜家系ラーメン 町田商店 由比ヶ浜店』
https://tabelog.com/kanagawa/A1404/A140402/14079261/
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★ロイドごはん
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—————《instagram》———————————————————-
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★メロンシート
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★フラメンコロイド
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—————《各サイトの情報》—————————————————
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★メロンシート《フラメンコギターの世界一の旅》
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【メロンシート食堂シリーズ！】
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神回【ラーメン二郎の貴重映像】全増しが出来るまで一部始終を大公開！【ラーメン二郎 ひばりヶ丘店】ramen
https://youtu.be/mBFcdMHyaxA
巨大塊肉に挑戦！【いきなりステーキ】２人で１.５キロの結果は？【飯テロ】
https://youtu.be/lxn_oa-rCvQ
一瞬でファンになる86才職人のおすすめラーメン【ほりえラーメン】感動の鹿児島グルメ
https://youtu.be/0IuRURqh4ek
屋台でラーメンが出来上がるまでの職人技をお見せします【ボギー亭 虎ちゃん】味噌ニンニクラーメン【飯テロ】
https://youtu.be/ZJoloTuYOQ4
神技！いつもびっくりするよ！【がんちゃん】お好み焼きの名店に感動！【飯テロ】× フラメンコロイド 広島県
https://youtu.be/8q_j5QX4-vg
消滅する屋台ラーメンの職人技【幸っちゃん】ラーメンの作り方一部始終【ramen】
https://youtu.be/prw-olhOAyI
有名家系チェーン店の家系ラーメンをお店で！今回は町田にある『横浜家系ラーメン町田商店本店』で家系ラーメンを食べてきました！「町田商店」といえば、2008年に町田からスタートした家系ラーメン店です。創業者の田川翔社長は高校卒業後に家系ラーメン店で６年間修行したのち「町田商店」を開業しました。店舗でガラ炊きをするのではなくPB商品で提供する、いわゆるセントラルキッチン式を積極的に取り入れていることでも有名なお店です。立地や客層など様々なターゲットを視野に入れた幅広いお店作りによって、今や全国に50店舗を超える直営店を出しています。クリーミーで塩気の強い味のスープに加水率が低めのスープをしっかり持ち上げる中太麺が特徴。かなりジャンク性が高い味わいで、若い層を中心に繁盛していました！それでは普段滅多に伺わない町田商店、その味を実食していきます！
＊撮影に際しては、お店の方や周りのお客様に充分配慮して撮影をおこなっています。
At a store, you can buy Iekei-ramen from a famous Ikkei chain store! This time I ate a Iekei-ramen at "Yokohama Iekei-Ramen Machida Shoten Main Store" in Machida! “Machida Shoten” is a Iekei-ramen store that started in Machida in 2008. The founder, Sho Tagawa, opened "Machida Shoten" after six years of training at a Iekei-ramen store after graduating from high school. It is also famous for actively adopting the so-called central kitchen type, which offers PB(privete Brand) products instead of cooking gala at the store. We have opened more than 50 directly managed stores nationwide by creating a wide range of stores with a view to various targets such as location and customer base. It features creamy, salty soup and medium-thick noodles that firmly lift the soup with a low water content. It had a very junk taste and was popular mainly among young people! Then, we will eat the taste of Machida Shoten, which we rarely ask!*When shooting, we give due consideration to the shop and customers around us.
いつもありがとうございます！( ´ ▽ ` )
高評価＆チャンネル登録もよろしくお願いいたします！
#ラーメン #家系ラーメン #町田商店 #ロイドごはん #フラメンコロイド
—————《ロイド のサブチャンネル》—————————————
【フラメンコロイド のサブチャンネルもよろしくお願いします！】
ロイドチャンネル
https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCwNlBAUziFWkJZFY_u3t65A
フラメンコロイド
https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCsFJHNg3SR41R2a3vctUInw
—————《本日の店舗情報》—————————————————
『横浜家系ラーメン 町田商店本店』https://tabelog.com/tokyo/A1327/A132701/13058761/
—————《twitter》—————————————————————
★ロイドごはん
https://twitter.com/roidgohan
★メロンシート
https://twitter.com/meloncito310
★フラメンコロイド
https://twitter.com/flamenkoroid
—————《instagram》———————————————————-
★ロイドごはん
https://www.instagram.com/roidgohan
★メロンシート
https://www.instagram.com/satoshimelo...
★フラメンコロイド
https://www.instagram.com/flamenkoroid
—————《各サイトの情報》—————————————————
★ロイドwalker《人生をドラマチックに彩る旅とグルメと温泉図鑑》
https://ramenjapan.net/
★メロンシート《フラメンコギターの世界一の旅》
https://pordiotama3.xsrv.jp
★フラメンコロイド 《フラメンコロイドの神話と伝説》
https://flamenkoroid.net
—————《ロイドおすすめ動画はこちら》———————————
【メロンシート食堂シリーズ！】
https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PL6yW17uB9uIXFiXP8_hyGJwlkkjjpB75f
神回【ラーメン二郎の貴重映像】全増しが出来るまで一部始終を大公開！【ラーメン二郎 ひばりヶ丘店】ramen
https://youtu.be/mBFcdMHyaxA
巨大塊肉に挑戦！【いきなりステーキ】２人で１.５キロの結果は？【飯テロ】
https://youtu.be/lxn_oa-rCvQ
一瞬でファンになる86才職人のおすすめラーメン【ほりえラーメン】感動の鹿児島グルメ
https://youtu.be/0IuRURqh4ek
屋台でラーメンが出来上がるまでの職人技をお見せします【ボギー亭 虎ちゃん】味噌ニンニクラーメン【飯テロ】
https://youtu.be/ZJoloTuYOQ4
神技！いつもびっくりするよ！【がんちゃん】お好み焼きの名店に感動！【飯テロ】× フラメンコロイド 広島県
https://youtu.be/8q_j5QX4-vg
消滅する屋台ラーメンの職人技【幸っちゃん】ラーメンの作り方一部始終【ramen】
https://youtu.be/prw-olhOAyI
after adopting 在 How Family is Adjusting to Life After Adopting Best Friend's ... 的推薦與評價
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