世界經濟進入無地圖時代
全球經濟已經進入沒有地圖的地帶,我想這點無人會反對。但最關鍵的問題是:這種無地圖、傳統指南針又失靈的狀態會維持多久?經濟學界眾說紛紜,但至今全世界好像還沒看到哪位知名經濟學者或官員勇於說出那句真話:「我不知道」(I don’t know)。
這才是最可怕的敵人 – 掌握知識話語權的學者、掌握政策實權的為政者、掌握金融權的機構和人物,不敢或不願面對現實說出心中的真話,而僅汲汲於自身小圈子的權威地位及建制利益。
傳統機制已經失靈了,舊秩序典範已經失效,新秩序典範的影子都還看不到,這是事實好不好?如果連這事實都不敢面對,僅由一小撮一小撮的利益相關方在華盛頓、華爾街、布魯塞爾、達沃斯、倫敦、北京做小圈子秘密協商,這個世界的經濟秩序將很快的落入叢林法則,弱肉強食、以鄰為壑。而,這正是當前在發生的事。
機制失靈的當下,國際大銀行、大投行還在每週發佈它們對前景的「預測」,美國聯儲會其實早已束手無策,但還是裝模作樣的耍弄早已失效的老工具,學院派經濟學家還在強湊他們習慣的老模型、舊公式。
但同時,這些建制菁英沒人願意真實面對:為什麼比特幣可以瞬間升到60,000美元、為什麼原油期貨可以變負值、為什麼特斯拉股票本益比(P/E)可以超過一千倍並以15%的日幅漲跌、為什麼美股GME(GameStop)會短期瘋漲十倍。習慣性的,建制菁英們都將這些「異象」當成 「事件」(event)來解釋,而迴避以下這可能:這些現象不是單一的「事件」,而是典範轉移的前兆。
與其說這兒在談經濟,不如說談的是「心態」(MindSet)和「概念框架」(Conceptual Framework)。所謂的「典範」(Paradigm),其實就是心態和概念框架的綜合。心態決定了視野和視角,概念框架決定了感知(Sense)方向以及推測的效果。
前述把經濟異象貶低為單一事件,反映的是心態問題;企圖用舊經濟概念解釋新經濟現象繼而推理出無效的結論,反映的是概念框架的固化。
在經濟領域,二戰以來可歸納出五種心態,它們各自有相應的概念框架並相互競爭,經常成為爭端的導火索。這五者典範是:
官方(建制)經濟學 – 主要心態落在維持現有秩序。無論是統稱社會主義的干預經濟,還是統稱資本主義下的市場經濟,都屬於此類。
學院經濟學 – 心態上把經濟學視為科學,假設人的經濟行為都是理性的,由過去的經驗和數據模型推論未來。
政治經濟學 – 心態上視經濟活動為政治的一部份,從權力結構變化,解釋或預測未來。
情緒經濟學 – 假設人的經濟行為多為非理性,尤其當恐懼及貪婪主導時。
革命經濟學 – 心態上以推翻現有經濟秩序為奪權的最有效手段,方法上將以上四種經濟學無原則的隨需使用,何者當時適於掌權或奪權就用何者。
二戰之後的世界經濟秩序,不脫這五種典範之間的互動及鬥爭,然而主流是以美國領頭的西方建制派加學院派。雖然隨後各式危機不斷,但都還能以以頭痛醫頭、腳痛醫腳的方式解決。然而,隨著近年的網路無國界、貨幣無限超發、衍生金融商品幾何級數增加,再加上全球病毒疫情的加催,主流典範已經基本喪失了地圖作用。
沒了地圖,就憑勇氣了。現況是,中國正試圖穿著西方典範的鞋,走革命經濟學的路。我個人判斷,由於骨質疏鬆,借來穿的鞋本身就已經破洞百出,不久就會跌一大跤。
台灣的經濟,附著於已經捉襟見肘的西方典範,又逢身旁醉漢隨時有跌倒之虞,心態上寧可多慮,也不可輕心。
(本文原刊於經濟日報,字數有限。完整版刊於 InsightFan.com )
同時也有10000部Youtube影片,追蹤數超過2,910的網紅コバにゃんチャンネル,也在其Youtube影片中提到,...
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conceptual framework 在 Roger Chung 鍾一諾 Facebook 的精選貼文
今早為Asian Medical Students Association Hong Kong (AMSAHK)的新一屆執行委員會就職典禮作致詞分享嘉賓,題目為「疫情中的健康不公平」。
感謝他們的熱情款待以及為整段致詞拍了影片。以下我附上致詞的英文原稿:
It's been my honor to be invited to give the closing remarks for the Inauguration Ceremony for the incoming executive committee of the Asian Medical Students' Association Hong Kong (AMSAHK) this morning. A video has been taken for the remarks I made regarding health inequalities during the COVID-19 pandemic (big thanks to the student who withstood the soreness of her arm for holding the camera up for 15 minutes straight), and here's the transcript of the main body of the speech that goes with this video:
//The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic, caused by the SARS-CoV-2 virus, continues to be rampant around the world since early 2020, resulting in more than 55 million cases and 1.3 million deaths worldwide as of today. (So no! It’s not a hoax for those conspiracy theorists out there!) A higher rate of incidence and deaths, as well as worse health-related quality of life have been widely observed in the socially disadvantaged groups, including people of lower socioeconomic position, older persons, migrants, ethnic minority and communities of color, etc. While epidemiologists and scientists around the world are dedicated in gathering scientific evidence on the specific causes and determinants of the health inequalities observed in different countries and regions, we can apply the Social Determinants of Health Conceptual Framework developed by the World Health Organization team led by the eminent Prof Sir Michael Marmot, world’s leading social epidemiologist, to understand and delineate these social determinants of health inequalities related to the COVID-19 pandemic.
According to this framework, social determinants of health can be largely categorized into two types – 1) the lower stream, intermediary determinants, and 2) the upper stream, structural and macro-environmental determinants. For the COVID-19 pandemic, we realized that the lower stream factors may include material circumstances, such as people’s living and working conditions. For instance, the nature of the occupations of these people of lower socioeconomic position tends to require them to travel outside to work, i.e., they cannot work from home, which is a luxury for people who can afford to do it. This lack of choice in the location of occupation may expose them to greater risk of infection through more transportation and interactions with strangers. We have also seen infection clusters among crowded places like elderly homes, public housing estates, and boarding houses for foreign domestic helpers. Moreover, these socially disadvantaged people tend to have lower financial and social capital – it can be observed that they were more likely to be deprived of personal protective equipment like face masks and hand sanitizers, especially during the earlier days of the pandemic. On the other hand, the upper stream, structural determinants of health may include policies related to public health, education, macroeconomics, social protection and welfare, as well as our governance… and last, but not least, our culture and values. If the socioeconomic and political contexts are not favorable to the socially disadvantaged, their health and well-being will be disproportionately affected by the pandemic. Therefore, if we, as a society, espouse to address and reduce the problem of health inequalities, social determinants of health cannot be overlooked in devising and designing any public health-related strategies, measures and policies.
Although a higher rate of incidence and deaths have been widely observed in the socially disadvantaged groups, especially in countries with severe COVID-19 outbreaks, this phenomenon seems to be less discussed and less covered by media in Hong Kong, where the disease incidence is relatively low when compared with other countries around the world. Before the resurgence of local cases in early July, local spread of COVID-19 was sporadic and most cases were imported. In the earlier days of the pandemic, most cases were primarily imported by travelers and return-students studying overseas, leading to a minor surge between mid-March and mid-April of 874 new cases. Most of these cases during Spring were people who could afford to travel and study abroad, and thus tended to be more well-off. Therefore, some would say the expected social gradient in health impact did not seem to exist in Hong Kong, but may I remind you that, it is only the case when we focus on COVID-19-specific incidence and mortality alone. But can we really deduce from this that COVID-19-related health inequality does not exist in Hong Kong? According to the Social Determinants of Health Framework mentioned earlier, the obvious answer is “No, of course not.” And here’s why…
In addition to the direct disease burden, the COVID-19 outbreak and its associated containment measures (such as economic lockdown, mandatory social distancing, and change of work arrangements) could have unequal wider socioeconomic impacts on the general population, especially in regions with pervasive existing social inequalities. Given the limited resources and capacity of the socioeconomically disadvantaged to respond to emergency and adverse events, their general health and well-being are likely to be unduly and inordinately affected by the abrupt changes in their daily economic and social conditions, like job loss and insecurity, brought about by the COVID-19 outbreak and the corresponding containment and mitigation measures of which the main purpose was supposedly disease prevention and health protection at the first place. As such, focusing only on COVID-19 incidence or mortality as the outcomes of concern to address health inequalities may leave out important aspects of life that contributes significantly to people’s health. Recently, my research team and I collaborated with Sir Michael Marmot in a Hong Kong study, and found that the poor people in Hong Kong fared worse in every aspects of life than their richer counterparts in terms of economic activity, personal protective equipment, personal hygiene practice, as well as well-being and health after the COVID-19 outbreak. We also found that part of the observed health inequality can be attributed to the pandemic and its related containment measures via people’s concerns over their own and their families’ livelihood and economic activity. In other words, health inequalities were contributed by the pandemic even in a city where incidence is relatively low through other social determinants of health that directly concerned the livelihood and economic activity of the people. So in this study, we confirmed that focusing only on the incident and death cases as the outcomes of concern to address health inequalities is like a story half-told, and would severely truncate and distort the reality.
Truth be told, health inequality does not only appear after the pandemic outbreak of COVID-19, it is a pre-existing condition in countries and regions around the world, including Hong Kong. My research over the years have consistently shown that people in lower socioeconomic position tend to have worse physical and mental health status. Nevertheless, precisely because health inequality is nothing new, there are always voices in our society trying to dismiss the problem, arguing that it is only natural to have wealth inequality in any capitalistic society. However, in reckoning with health inequalities, we need to go beyond just figuring out the disparities or differences in health status between the poor and the rich, and we need to raise an ethically relevant question: are these inequalities, disparities and differences remediable? Can they be fixed? Can we do something about them? If they are remediable, and we can do something about them but we haven’t, then we’d say these inequalities are ultimately unjust and unfair. In other words, a society that prides itself in pursuing justice must, and I say must, strive to address and reduce these unfair health inequalities. Borrowing the words from famed sociologist Judith Butler, “the virus alone does not discriminate,” but “social and economic inequality will make sure that it does.” With COVID-19, we learn that it is not only the individuals who are sick, but our society. And it’s time we do something about it.
Thank you very much!//
Please join me in congratulating the incoming executive committee of AMSAHK and giving them the best wishes for their future endeavor!
Roger Chung, PhD
Assistant Professor, CUHK JC School of Public Health and Primary Care, @CUHK Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong 香港中文大學 - CUHK
Associate Director, CUHK Institute of Health Equity
conceptual framework 在 2how Facebook 的最佳解答
Dirk Fleischmann, also known as Niphisi, is a photographer from Stuttgart. Dirk proclaims himself to be ‘’just a man with an iPhone’’ and what he does with it can be acknowledged as a conceptual framework that highlights the essential.
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