It used to be pretty bothersome to transfer files and photos from your laptop to your phone.
Nowadays, there's so many apps that allows you to transfer seamlessly from one device to another. Personally, all of my work and studies had been made easier because of this.
I realized this is all the result of 4IR, and after learning so much about it in my Masscom classes last year, I learn to appreciate technology as it has made life much easier. I'm really thankful for these advancement, and I'm sure it has opened up new possibilities for other people and businesses as well.
Let's embrace digital transformation for a better future ✨
@EPUMalaysia
#EPU
#Dasar4IRNegara
同時也有39部Youtube影片,追蹤數超過139萬的網紅Jessica Vu,也在其Youtube影片中提到,The weather is getting warmer, which means hot girl summer is here ? Today's makeup tutorial is on my updated everyday sunkissed makeup look in partne...
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new many 110 在 Milton Goh Blog and Sermon Notes Facebook 的最佳解答
The Sting of Death is Gone
“Behold, I give you authority to tread on serpents and scorpions, and over all the power of the enemy. Nothing will in any way hurt you.” (Luke 10:19 WEB)
Many troubles we experience in life are the work of Satan and his demons, represented by the serpents and scorpions in the verse above. When they attack, do you know what to do?
The power of a serpent is in its sometimes poisonous bite, and the power of a scorpion is in its toxic sting. The serpent’s mouth is in front, the scorpion’s stinger is at the back.
Jesus is saying that He has given you authority and protection against the front, back and everything in-between of the enemy.
When you understand how to tread on your demonic enemies, you become immune to harm.
““Death, where is your sting? Hades, where is your victory?” The sting of death is sin, and the power of sin is the law.” (1 Corinthians 15:55-56 WEB)
Sin is the scorpion’s poisonous sting which produces death. Satan wants people to nurture their sins so that their sowing into the flesh brings forth the mature fruit of death.
Sin produces death because of the Law (the Ten Commandments). A transgression of God’s law brings the penalty of death and the curse of the Law. Without the Law, sin wouldn’t result in death.
For a born-again believer, sin has become powerless to kill him (the spirit) because the believer has shared in Jesus’ death and has passed from death into life. He has been irreversibly saved.
““Most certainly I tell you, he who hears my word, and believes him who sent me, has eternal life, and doesn’t come into judgment, but has passed out of death into life.” (John 5:24 WEB)
Sin is also unable to bring the curse upon a believer because Jesus has redeemed us from the curse of the Law, having become a curse Himself at the cross.
“Christ redeemed us from the curse of the law, having become a curse for us. For it is written, “Cursed is everyone who hangs on a tree,” that the blessing of Abraham might come on the Gentiles through Christ Jesus; that we might receive the promise of the Spirit through faith.” (Galatians 3:13-14 WEB)
However, many believers don’t know these. When up against a believer, Satan is like a scorpion without a sting. He still tries to deceive believers that they can lose their salvation and that God curses them when they sin. Making a Christian think that God is against him destroys his faith because who can resist the power of God?
Actually, the only way the sting can grow back is if you put yourself under the Law again. The moment you attempt works-based justification, it’s like Satan’s sting regenerates and is driven deep into your body, inflicting death through the curse of the Law.
“For as many as are of the works of the law are under a curse. For it is written, “Cursed is everyone who doesn’t continue in all things that are written in the book of the law, to do them.”” (Galatians 3:10 WEB)
Satan may come with lies like a serpent and say, “You sinned again. You’re hopeless. God’s curse is upon you. God is going to destroy you because you keep repeating your sins and are unrepentant.”
He heaps accusations and condemnation upon you. The moment you believe him, you are stung by the scorpion. The curse of the Law takes effect in your life because you have effectively put yourself under the covenant of the Law as a transgressor.
Based on the principle of sowing and reaping, sin still bears the fruit of death, causing sickness, depression, infirmity, aging, and finally the death of the body, but sin cannot cause you to lose your salvation or bring you under God’s curse.
God is for you, not against you. His favor continually shines upon you and it is not by your performance, but by the grace of God, made possible through Jesus’ finished work at the cross.
When you fall because of sin, it is by the grace of God that you can immediately pick yourself up again. Do not cut yourself off from that supply by being self-condemned.
In your war against Satan’s temptations, sometimes you will fall—and God knows that. But you can dust yourself off and get up again by receiving the grace and mercy of God. Do not allow Satan to trick you into thinking that God’s curse is upon you.
The scorpion’s sting has been removed and the Law does not apply to you, so let it stay that way. You are a child of God under the New Covenant of Grace who is led by the Holy Spirit!
Did you enjoy this excerpt from my eBook “Silencing the Serpent”? Learn how to silence the voice of the serpent and always emerge victorious in spiritual warfare:
https://bit.ly/silence-the-serpent-now
new many 110 在 Taipei Ethereum Meetup Facebook 的精選貼文
📜 [專欄新文章] Uniswap v3 Features Explained in Depth
✍️ 田少谷 Shao
📥 歡迎投稿: https://medium.com/taipei-ethereum-meetup #徵技術分享文 #使用心得 #教學文 #medium
Once again the game-changing DEX 🦄 👑
Image source: https://uniswap.org/blog/uniswap-v3/
Outline
0. Intro1. Uniswap & AMM recap2. Ticks 3. Concentrated liquidity4. Range orders: reversible limit orders5. Impacts of v36. Conclusion
0. Intro
The announcement of Uniswap v3 is no doubt one of the most exciting news in the DeFi place recently 🔥🔥🔥
While most have talked about the impact v3 can potentially bring on the market, seldom explain the delicate implementation techniques to realize all those amazing features, such as concentrated liquidity, limit-order-like range orders, etc.
Since I’ve covered Uniswap v1 & v2 (if you happen to know Mandarin, here are v1 & v2), there’s no reason for me to not cover v3 as well ✅
Thus, this article aims to guide readers through Uniswap v3, based on their official whitepaper and examples made on the announcement page. However, one needs not to be an engineer, as not many codes are involved, nor a math major, as the math involved is definitely taught in your high school, to fully understand the following content 😊😊😊
If you really make it through but still don’t get shxt, feedbacks are welcomed! 🙏
There should be another article focusing on the codebase, so stay tuned and let’s get started with some background noise!
1. Uniswap & AMM recap
Before diving in, we have to first recap the uniqueness of Uniswap and compare it to traditional order book exchanges.
Uniswap v1 & v2 are a kind of AMMs (automated market marker) that follow the constant product equation x * y = k, with x & y stand for the amount of two tokens X and Y in a pool and k as a constant.
Comparing to order book exchanges, AMMs, such as the previous versions of Uniswap, offer quite a distinct user experience:
AMMs have pricing functions that offer the price for the two tokens, which make their users always price takers, while users of order book exchanges can be both makers or takers.
Uniswap as well as most AMMs have infinite liquidity¹, while order book exchanges don’t. The liquidity of Uniswap v1 & v2 is provided throughout the price range [0,∞]².
Uniswap as well as most AMMs have price slippage³ and it’s due to the pricing function, while there isn’t always price slippage on order book exchanges as long as an order is fulfilled within one tick.
In an order book, each price (whether in green or red) is a tick. Image source: https://ftx.com/trade/BTC-PERP
¹ though the price gets worse over time; AMM of constant sum such as mStable does not have infinite liquidity
² the range is in fact [-∞,∞], while a price in most cases won’t be negative
³ AMM of constant sum does not have price slippage
2. Tick
The whole innovation of Uniswap v3 starts from ticks.
For those unfamiliar with what is a tick:
Source: https://www.investopedia.com/terms/t/tick.asp
By slicing the price range [0,∞] into numerous granular ticks, trading on v3 is highly similar to trading on order book exchanges, with only three differences:
The price range of each tick is predefined by the system instead of being proposed by users.
Trades that happen within a tick still follows the pricing function of the AMM, while the equation has to be updated once the price crosses the tick.
Orders can be executed with any price within the price range, instead of being fulfilled at the same one price on order book exchanges.
With the tick design, Uniswap v3 possesses most of the merits of both AMM and an order book exchange! 💯💯💯
So, how is the price range of a tick decided?
This question is actually somewhat related to the tick explanation above: the minimum tick size for stocks trading above 1$ is one cent.
The underlying meaning of a tick size traditionally being one cent is that one cent (1% of 1$) is the basis point of price changes between ticks, ex: 1.02 — 1.01 = 0.1.
Uniswap v3 employs a similar idea: compared to the previous/next price, the price change should always be 0.01% = 1 basis point.
However, notice the difference is that in the traditional basis point, the price change is defined with subtraction, while here in Uniswap it’s division.
This is how price ranges of ticks are decided⁴:
Image source: https://uniswap.org/whitepaper-v3.pdf
With the above equation, the tick/price range can be recorded in the index form [i, i+1], instead of some crazy numbers such as 1.0001¹⁰⁰ = 1.0100496621.
As each price is the multiplication of 1.0001 of the previous price, the price change is always 1.0001 — 1 = 0.0001 = 0.01%.
For example, when i=1, p(1) = 1.0001; when i=2, p(2) = 1.00020001.
p(2) / p(1) = 1.00020001 / 1.0001 = 1.0001
See the connection between the traditional basis point 1 cent (=1% of 1$) and Uniswap v3’s basis point 0.01%?
Image source: https://tenor.com/view/coin-master-cool-gif-19748052
But sir, are prices really granular enough? There are many shitcoins with prices less than 0.000001$. Will such prices be covered as well?
Price range: max & min
To know if an extremely small price is covered or not, we have to figure out the max & min price range of v3 by looking into the spec: there is a int24 tick state variable in UniswapV3Pool.sol.
Image source: https://uniswap.org/whitepaper-v3.pdf
The reason for a signed integer int instead of an uint is that negative power represents prices less than 1 but greater than 0.
24 bits can cover the range between 1.0001 ^ (2²³ — 1) and 1.0001 ^ -(2)²³. Even Google cannot calculate such numbers, so allow me to offer smaller values to have a rough idea of the whole price range:
1.0001 ^ (2¹⁸) = 242,214,459,604.341
1.0001 ^ -(2¹⁷) = 0.000002031888943
I think it’s safe to say that with a int24 the range can cover > 99.99% of the prices of all assets in the universe 👌
⁴ For implementation concern, however, a square root is added to both sides of the equation.
How about finding out which tick does a price belong to?
Tick index from price
The answer to this question is rather easy, as we know that p(i) = 1.0001^i, simply takes a log with base 1.0001 on both sides of the equation⁴:
Image source: https://www.codecogs.com/latex/eqneditor.php
Let’s try this out, say we wanna find out the tick index of 1000000.
Image source: https://ncalculators.com/number-conversion/log-logarithm-calculator.htm
Now, 1.0001¹³⁸¹⁶² = 999,998.678087146. Voila!
⁵ This formula is also slightly modified to fit the real implementation usage.
3. Concentrated liquidity
Now that we know how ticks and price ranges are decided, let’s talk about how orders are executed in a tick, what is concentrated liquidity and how it enables v3 to compete with stablecoin-specialized DEXs (decentralized exchange), such as Curve, by improving the capital efficiency.
Concentrated liquidity means LPs (liquidity providers) can provide liquidity to any price range/tick at their wish, which causes the liquidity to be imbalanced in ticks.
As each tick has a different liquidity depth, the corresponding pricing function x * y = k also won’t be the same!
Each tick has its own liquidity depth. Image source: https://uniswap.org/blog/uniswap-v3/
Mmm… examples are always helpful for abstract descriptions 😂
Say the original pricing function is 100(x) * 1000(y) = 100000(k), with the price of X token 1000 / 100 = 10 and we’re now in the price range [9.08, 11.08].
If the liquidity of the price range [11.08, 13.08] is the same as [9.08, 11.08], we don’t have to modify the pricing function if the price goes from 10 to 11.08, which is the boundary between two ticks.
The price of X is 1052.63 / 95 = 11.08 when the equation is 1052.63 * 95 = 100000.
However, if the liquidity of the price range [11.08, 13.08] is two times that of the current range [9.08, 11.08], balances of x and y should be doubled, which makes the equation become 2105.26 * 220 = 400000, which is (1052.63 * 2) * (110 * 2) = (100000 * 2 * 2).
We can observe the following two points from the above example:
Trades always follow the pricing function x * y = k, while once the price crosses the current price range/tick, the liquidity/equation has to be updated.
√(x * y) = √k = L is how we represent the liquidity, as I say the liquidity of x * y = 400000 is two times the liquidity of x * y = 100000, as √(400000 / 100000) = 2.
What’s more, compared to liquidity on v1 & v2 is always spread across [0,∞], liquidity on v3 can be concentrated within certain price ranges and thus results in higher capital efficiency from traders’ swapping fees!
Let’s say if I provide liquidity in the range [1200, 2800], the capital efficiency will then be 4.24x higher than v2 with the range [0,∞] 😮😮😮 There’s a capital efficiency comparison calculator, make sure to try it out!
Image source: https://uniswap.org/blog/uniswap-v3/
It’s worth noticing that the concept of concentrated liquidity was proposed and already implemented by Kyper, prior to Uniswap, which is called Automated Price Reserve in their case.⁵
⁶ Thanks to Yenwen Feng for the information.
4. Range orders: reversible limit orders
As explained in the above section, LPs of v3 can provide liquidity to any price range/tick at their wish. Depending on the current price and the targeted price range, there are three scenarios:
current price < the targeted price range
current price > the targeted price range
current price belongs to the targeted price range
The first two scenarios are called range orders. They have unique characteristics and are essentially fee-earning reversible limit orders, which will be explained later.
The last case is the exact same liquidity providing mechanism as the previous versions: LPs provide liquidity in both tokens of the same value (= amount * price).
There’s also an identical product to the case: grid trading, a very powerful investment tool for a time of consolidation. Dunno what’s grid trading? Check out Binance’s explanation on this, as this topic won’t be covered!
In fact, LPs of Uniswap v1 & v2 are grid trading with a range of [0,∞] and the entry price as the baseline.
Range orders
To understand range orders, we’d have to first revisit how price is discovered on Uniswap with the equation x * y = k, for x & y stand for the amount of two tokens X and Y and k as a constant.
The price of X compared to Y is y / x, which means how many Y one can get for 1 unit of X, and vice versa the price of Y compared to X is x / y.
For the price of X to go up, y has to increase and x decrease.
With this pricing mechanism in mind, it’s example time!
Say an LP plans to place liquidity in the price range [15.625, 17.313], higher than the current price of X 10, when 100(x) * 1000(y) = 100000(k).
The price of X is 1250 / 80 = 15.625 when the equation is 80 * 1250 = 100000.
The price of X is 1315.789 / 76 = 17.313 when the equation is 76 * 1315.789 = 100000.
If now the price of X reaches 15.625, the only way for the price of X to go even higher is to further increase y and decrease x, which means exchanging a certain amount of X for Y.
Thus, to provide liquidity in the range [15.625, 17.313], an LP needs only to prepare 80 — 76 = 4 of X. If the price exceeds 17.313, all 4 X of the LP is swapped into 1315.789 — 1250 = 65.798 Y, and then the LP has nothing more to do with the pool, as his/her liquidity is drained.
What if the price stays in the range? It’s exactly what LPs would love to see, as they can earn swapping fees for all transactions in the range! Also, the balance of X will swing between [76, 80] and the balance of Y between [1250, 1315.789].
This might not be obvious, but the example above shows an interesting insight: if the liquidity of one token is provided, only when the token becomes more valuable will it be exchanged for the less valuable one.
…wut? 🤔
Remember that if 4 X is provided within [15.625, 17.313], only when the price of X goes up from 15.625 to 17.313 is 4 X gradually swapped into Y, the less valuable one!
What if the price of X drops back immediately after reaching 17.313? As X becomes less valuable, others are going to exchange Y for X.
The below image illustrates the scenario of DAI/USDC pair with a price range of [1.001, 1.002] well: the pool is always composed entirely of one token on both sides of the tick, while in the middle 1.001499⁶ is of both tokens.
Image source: https://uniswap.org/blog/uniswap-v3/
Similarly, to provide liquidity in a price range < current price, an LP has to prepare a certain amount of Y for others to exchange Y for X within the range.
To wrap up such an interesting feature, we know that:
Only one token is required for range orders.
Only when the current price is within the range of the range order can LP earn trading fees. This is the main reason why most people believe LPs of v3 have to monitor the price more actively to maximize their income, which also means that LPs of v3 have become arbitrageurs 🤯
I will be discussing more the impacts of v3 in 5. Impacts of v3.
⁷ 1.001499988 = √(1.0001 * 1.0002) is the geometric mean of 1.0001 and 1.0002. The implication is that the geometric mean of two prices is the average execution price within the range of the two prices.
Reversible limit orders
As the example in the last section demonstrates, if there is 4 X in range [15.625, 17.313], the 4 X will be completely converted into 65.798 Y when the price goes over 17.313.
We all know that a price can stay in a wide range such as [10, 11] for quite some time, while it’s unlikely so in a narrow range such as [15.625, 15.626].
Thus, if an LP provides liquidity in [15.625, 15.626], we can expect that once the price of X goes over 15.625 and immediately also 15.626, and does not drop back, all X are then forever converted into Y.
The concept of having a targeted price and the order will be executed after the price is crossed is exactly the concept of limit orders! The only difference is that if the range of a range order is not narrow enough, it’s highly possible that the conversion of tokens will be reverted once the price falls back to the range.
As price ranges follow the equation p(i) = 1.0001 ^ i, the range can be quite narrow and a range order can thus effectively serve as a limit order:
When i = 27490, 1.0001²⁷⁴⁹⁰ = 15.6248.⁸
When i = 27491, 1.0001²⁷⁴⁹¹ = 15.6264.⁸
A range of 0.0016 is not THAT narrow but can certainly satisfy most limit order use cases!
⁸ As mentioned previously in note #4, there is a square root in the equation of the price and index, thus the numbers here are for explantion only.
5. Impacts of v3
Higher capital efficiency, LPs become arbitrageurs… as v3 has made tons of radical changes, I’d like to summarize my personal takes of the impacts of v3:
Higher capital efficiency makes one of the most frequently considered indices in DeFi: TVL, total value locked, becomes less meaningful, as 1$ on Uniswap v3 might have the same effect as 100$ or even 2000$ on v2.
The ease of spot exchanging between spot exchanges used to be a huge advantage of spot markets over derivative markets. As LPs will take up the role of arbitrageurs and arbitraging is more likely to happen on v3 itself other than between DEXs, this gap is narrowed … to what extent? No idea though.
LP strategies and the aggregation of NFT of Uniswap v3 liquidity token are becoming the blue ocean for new DeFi startups: see Visor and Lixir. In fact, this might be the turning point for both DeFi and NFT: the two main reasons of blockchain going mainstream now come to the alignment of interest: solving the $$ problem 😏😏😏
In the right venue, which means a place where transaction fees are low enough, such as Optimism, we might see Algo trading firms coming in to share the market of designing LP strategies on Uniswap v3, as I believe Algo trading is way stronger than on-chain strategies or DAO voting to add liquidity that sort of thing.
After reading this article by Parsec.finance: The Dex to Rule Them All, I cannot help but wonder: maybe there is going to be centralized crypto exchanges adopting v3’s approach. The reason is that since orders of LPs in the same tick are executed pro-rata, the endless front-running speeding-competition issue in the Algo trading world, to some degree, is… solved? 🤔
Anyway, personal opinions can be biased and seriously wrong 🙈 I’m merely throwing out a sprat to catch a whale. Having a different voice? Leave your comment down below!
6. Conclusion
That was kinda tough, isn’t it? Glad you make it through here 🥂🥂🥂
There are actually many more details and also a huge section of Oracle yet to be covered. However, since this article is more about features and targeting normal DeFi users, I’ll leave those to the next one; hope there is one 😅
If you have any doubt or find any mistake, please feel free to reach out to me and I’d try to reply AFAP!
Stay tuned and in the meantime let’s wait and see how Uniswap v3 is again pioneering the innovation of DeFi 🌟
Uniswap v3 Features Explained in Depth was originally published in Taipei Ethereum Meetup on Medium, where people are continuing the conversation by highlighting and responding to this story.
👏 歡迎轉載分享鼓掌
new many 110 在 Jessica Vu Youtube 的精選貼文
The weather is getting warmer, which means hot girl summer is here ? Today's makeup tutorial is on my updated everyday sunkissed makeup look in partnership with COVERGIRL! I included a lot of no makeup makeup tricks for an effortlessly flawless look, perfect for those sunny beach days ?#COVERGIRLPartner #EasyBreezyBeautiful
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Hello! Do you have any summer plans? I've been fully vaccinated for a while now, so I'm excited to travel again soon! I'm actually visiting NYC in July ❤️ I just know it's going to be so humid ?
I noticed the "no makeup" makeup look is in lately, so here's my take...with winged liner ? I can't do my makeup without it ? A lot of you guys said you prefer natural makeup looks on Instagram, so I hope you like this one! I learned so many mini techniques to enhance natural makeup during quarantine..but I know I've been doing a lot of neutrals lately, so the next one will be more avant-garde/artsy, I promise!
Other life updates: my little sister is staying with me for the summer, so you may see her more often on random LIVUs/livestreams/videos. Please welcome her kindly!
'til next time!
♡ xo
﹍﹍﹍﹍﹍﹍﹍﹍﹍﹍﹍﹍﹍﹍﹍﹍﹍﹍﹍﹍﹍﹍﹍
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WEARING ⁺
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˖ Small Gold Necklace (Vietnam)
˖ Maria Pascual Gold Deco Necklace https://bit.ly/3cl42ir
︾
T E C H
˖ CAMERA
Canon EOS Rebel T6i DSLR
https://amzn.to/2PcG1Mk
˖ LENS
EF-S 18-55mm IS STM Kit Lens
https://amzn.to/2P7wAxx
˖ LIGHTING
GVM Great Video Maker 800D RGB LED Panel Video Light Kit 3200K-5600K
https://go.magik.ly/ml/17tru/
˖ EDITING PROGRAM
Final Cut Pro X 10.5
︾
M U S I C
˖ chobizzy - LUSH KARMA 2 https://soundcloud.com/soohyungcho/lush-karma-2
˖ luvbyrd - doja cat kiss me more lofi https://youtu.be/spzUbsqiJWk
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? BUSINESS EMAIL: jessica@rare.global
FTC: Sponsored by CoverGirl ? Some links listed are affiliate links which help out the channel if you make a purchase through them ? and some products used I received in PR („• ֊ •„)
new many 110 在 Bangkok69 Youtube 的最讚貼文
MBK CENTER is a popular shopping mall for travelers.
In recent years, there have been fewer tourists and fewer customers.
In recent years, it has been hosting a learning center for students living in Bangkok and idol events.
However, since April, many events have been cancelled due to stricter regulations.
With the easing of restrictions in May, food courts have reopened and new stores have opened, but I think the situation is still very difficult.
new many 110 在 SunitJo Travel Youtube 的最佳解答
ติดต่อ..งานรีวิวร้านอาหาร ร้านยำ ร้านส้มตำ แนะนำสินค้า แนะนำเข้ามาได้ ที่นี่ ไต้คอมเม้นต์คลิป ขอบคุณที่ติดตามชม กดแชร์ กดติดตาม
Hello For All My channel is dedicated to interesting thing one can see travelling around the world.
I try to record every thing I find interesting in all places I go.
I hope viewers will share my interests and find the videos fun and worth watching.
The channel touches a large variety of subjects, but you can find many videos about food and restaurants, streetfood Seafood and animals and Traveling
I hope you all enjoy my channel. SunitJoTreavel ...
Please subscribe to let us keep doing next new clips .Thanks.you sir..
https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCaVlNf0tI2jOl9LT4xIuhkQ
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